Nokea
Micellar growth
- A. is observed in bacterial cells
- B. includes a parent and daughter cell which have different sizes
- C. is inherent in viruses and rickettsia
- D. represents apical prolongation of the hyphae in the fungus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Micellar growth refers to the apical prolongation of hyphae in fungi.
Step 2: Fungi have a unique growth structure with hyphae extending at the tips.
Step 3: This growth pattern allows fungi to expand and access nutrients.
Step 4: Bacterial cells (A) do not exhibit micellar growth.
Step 5: Parent and daughter cells in division have similar sizes, not different (B).
Step 6: Viruses and rickettsia (C) do not display micellar growth.
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Microscopy of a sputum smear from a pneumonia patient revealed Gram-positive diplococci with pointed ends surrounded by a capsule. What is the causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pneumoniae.
1. Gram-positive diplococci with pointed ends: characteristic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Surrounded by a capsule: S. pneumoniae is encapsulated, important for virulence.
3. Klebsiella pneumoniae (B) is a Gram-negative rod, Neisseria meningitidis (C) is a Gram-negative diplococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus (D) is a Gram-positive cocci in clusters, not diplococci.
A 33 year old patient was delivered to the infectious diseases department on the 7-th day of disease. He complained about great weakness, high temperature, pain in the lumbar area and leg muscles, icteritiousness, dark color of urine, headache. The acute disease started with chill, body temperature rise up to 40oC, headache, pain in the lumbar area and sural muscles. Icterus turned up on the 4th day, nasal and scleral haemorrhages came on the 5th day. Fever has lasted for 6 days. Diuresis - 200 ml. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Leptospirosis
- B. Typhoid fever
- C. Virus A hepatitis
- D. Sepsis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most probable diagnosis is Leptospirosis. The symptoms described align with the classic presentation of Leptospirosis, such as fever, muscle pain, headache, jaundice, and hemorrhages. The initial symptoms of chills, high fever, and muscle pain followed by jaundice and hemorrhages are characteristic of Leptospirosis. The presence of dark urine and low diuresis also point towards kidney involvement, which is common in Leptospirosis due to renal failure. Additionally, the patient's history of potential exposure to contaminated water or soil supports the diagnosis, as Leptospirosis is commonly transmitted through contact with infected animal urine.
Summary of other choices:
- Typhoid fever typically presents with sustained fever, abdominal pain, and constipation, not matching the symptoms described.
- Virus A hepatitis usually presents with jaundice, but other symptoms such as muscle pain and hemorrhages are not typical.
- Sepsis is a systemic response
A patient with abdominal pain had a stool culture revealing non-lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rods that produced gas in a nutrient broth. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Salmonella typhi
- B. Shigella dysenteriae
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Proteus vulgaris
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proteus vulgaris. This is because Proteus species are non-lactose-fermenting Gram-negative rods that are known to produce gas in nutrient broths. Proteus vulgaris is commonly associated with urinary tract infections and can also cause abdominal infections.
A: Salmonella typhi typically causes typhoid fever and is not known to produce gas in nutrient broths.
B: Shigella dysenteriae is a causative agent of dysentery and does not typically produce gas in nutrient broths.
C: Escherichia coli is a lactose-fermenting bacterium and does not fit the description of the organism in the stool culture.
For treatment of Anthrax are used
- A. Penicillins, tetracyclins, macrolides
- B. anti-anthrax gamma-globulins
- C. anti-anthrax immune-serum
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the treatment for Anthrax involves using antibiotics such as penicillins, tetracyclines, and macrolides to target the bacteria. Anti-anthrax gamma-globulins and immune-serum are used to provide passive immunity, but they are not the primary treatment. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not encompass all the necessary components for treating Anthrax. Overall, using a combination of antibiotics and immune-based treatments like gamma-globulins and immune-serum provides a comprehensive approach to managing Anthrax infection.
Microorganisms of various species are often organized into complex communities on a surface and are called __________.
- A. colonies
- B. biofilms
- C. ecosystems
- D. plagues
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: biofilms. Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms that adhere to a surface and are embedded in a matrix. This is the most appropriate term as it specifically describes the organization of various species into complex communities on a surface. Colonies (A) refer to groups of cells of the same species, not necessarily multiple species. Ecosystems (C) are broader systems involving interactions between living organisms and their environment. Plagues (D) are outbreaks of disease, not a term used to describe organized microbial communities.