Nokea
In the following figure, which lines most likely reflect the responses in a patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
- A. A and C
- B. A and D
- C. B and C
- D. B and D
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the kidney tubules are unable to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This results in the inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive dilute urine output. Lines A and D in the figure represent a high urine output (polyuria) and low urine osmolality, which are characteristic of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Choice A (A and C) is incorrect because line C does not show low urine osmolality. Choice C (B and C) is incorrect because line B does not show high urine output. Choice D (B and D) is incorrect because line D does not show low urine osmolality.
You may also like to solve these questions
The contraction of the myoepithelial breast cells is stimulated by _____.
- A. estrogen
- B. progesterone
- C. oxytocin
- D. prolactin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: oxytocin. Myoepithelial cells contract to facilitate milk ejection during breastfeeding. Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for stimulating this contraction. Estrogen and progesterone are involved in breast development and preparing for lactation but do not directly stimulate myoepithelial cell contraction. Prolactin is responsible for milk production but does not directly trigger myoepithelial cell contraction.
Which of the following suggestions should a nurse give breast-feeding mothers to prevent or eliminate mastitis and breast abscess?
- A. Offer the opposite breast at each feeding to their infants.
- B. Minimize frequent nursing of the infants.
- C. Avoid breast-feeding.
- D. Avoid bathing or showering regularly.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alternating breasts during feedings helps prevent blockages and infections.
Inflammation of joints
- A. Arthritis
- B. Osteomyelitis
- C. Chondritis
- D. Chondritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arthritis. Arthritis specifically refers to inflammation of joints, making it the most appropriate choice. Osteomyelitis (B) is an infection of the bone, not joints. Chondritis (C) is inflammation of cartilage, not joints. The duplicate choice of Chondritis (D) is incorrect.
Which factor will inhibit the secretion of estrogens?
- A. FSH
- B. LH
- C. estrogens
- D. progesterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: estrogens. Estrogens inhibit their own secretion through negative feedback. When estrogen levels rise, they signal the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to decrease the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), ultimately leading to a decrease in estrogen secretion. This self-regulation maintains hormonal balance in the body.
Incorrect choices:
A: FSH - FSH stimulates the production of estrogen by the ovarian follicles, so it does not inhibit estrogen secretion.
B: LH - LH also plays a role in stimulating estrogen production and does not inhibit its secretion.
D: Progesterone - Progesterone is involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy but does not directly inhibit estrogen secretion.
A baby is born with a penis, a scrotum with no testes, no vagina, and XX chromosomes. This condition is referred to as hermaphroditism. Which of the following could cause this abnormality?
- A. Abnormally high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin production by the trophoblast cells
- B. Abnormally low rates of estrogen production by the placenta
- C. Abnormally high levels of luteinizing hormone in the maternal blood
- D. Abnormally high levels of testosterone in the maternal blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Abnormally high levels of testosterone in the maternal blood. This can cause virilization of the female fetus, leading to the development of male external genitalia. Testosterone exposure during fetal development can result in the formation of a penis and scrotum without testes in a genetic female (XX).
Rationale:
1. Testosterone is responsible for the development of male external genitalia.
2. XX chromosomes indicate a genetic female.
3. Lack of testes indicates incomplete masculinization.
4. High levels of testosterone can override the default female development pattern.
Other choices are incorrect because:
A: Human chorionic gonadotropin does not directly affect fetal genital development.
B: Estrogen is not responsible for male genital development.
C: Luteinizing hormone does not directly influence the development of external genitalia in the fetus.