Nokea
An egg that has been fertilized by a sperm is called a _______________.
- A. implatation
- B. zygote
- C. embryo
- D. Breast
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: zygote. After fertilization, when the sperm and egg unite, they form a zygote. This is the initial stage of a new organism's development. Implantation (A) occurs when the embryo attaches to the uterus. Embryo (C) is the term for the developing organism after the zygote stage. Breast (D) is not related to the fertilization process. In this context, zygote is the most appropriate term as it specifically refers to the newly formed cell after fertilization.
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Estrogen replacement therapy is given to relieve the symptoms of:
- A. Cervicitis
- B. Pregnancy
- C. Endometriosis
- D. Menopause
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Estrogen replacement therapy is given to relieve the symptoms of menopause because it helps alleviate hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and other menopausal symptoms by replacing the declining estrogen levels in the body. Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix and is not treated with estrogen therapy. Pregnancy naturally increases estrogen levels and does not require estrogen replacement therapy. Endometriosis is a condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus and is not specifically treated with estrogen replacement therapy. In summary, estrogen replacement therapy is indicated for menopausal symptoms due to declining estrogen levels.
The clusters of specific glands that cycle are known as ________. produce milk when a woman is
- A. the menstrual phase lactating are called _______.
- B. the secretory phase
- C. lactiferous ducts
- D. menses
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: the secretory phase. During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the glands in the breast tissue prepare for potential milk production. This phase occurs after ovulation when the body is getting ready for a possible pregnancy. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: the menstrual phase refers to the shedding of the uterine lining, not the breast glands.
C: lactiferous ducts are the tubes that carry milk from the glands to the nipple, not the clusters of glands themselves.
D: menses refers to the menstrual bleeding period, not the phase in which the breast glands are active for milk production.
Regarding the function of placenta
- A. The foetal blood is separated from maternal body by placenta barrier which is composed of 4 layers.
- B. The placental barrier allows the passage of IgG antibodies.
- C. Progesterone induces preterm labour
- D. Rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion depends on pressure gradient
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: The placental barrier is semi-permeable, allowing small molecules like oxygen and nutrients to pass but blocking larger molecules like antibodies.
Step 2: IgG antibodies are the only type that can cross the placenta through active transport mechanisms.
Step 3: This transfer provides passive immunity to the fetus.
Step 4: Options A, C, and D are incorrect as the placenta has 4 main layers, progesterone does not induce preterm labor, and gas diffusion depends on concentration gradients, not pressure gradients.
Your 22 year old female patient is c/o severe burning with urination, fever of 101, and aching all over. She takes oral contraceptives. She reports one new partner within the last month. Palpation of the inguinal nodes reveals bilateral lymphadenopathy. There are more than 10 shallow ulcers along each side of the vulva. She is very tender at the introitus. Urine has some WBCs but no RBCs or bacteria. Which disorder of the vulva is most likely?
- A. Genital herpes
- B. Condylomata acuminata
- C. Syphilitic chancre
- D. Epidermoid cyst
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Genital herpes. The patient's symptoms of severe burning with urination, fever, aching, new sexual partner, bilateral lymphadenopathy, multiple shallow ulcers along the vulva, tenderness at the introitus, and absence of RBCs or bacteria in urine are all consistent with genital herpes. Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and presents with painful vesicular lesions in the genital area. The presence of ulcers and lymphadenopathy points towards an infectious etiology. Condylomata acuminata (choice B) presents as genital warts caused by HPV, which typically do not cause ulcers. Syphilitic chancre (choice C) presents as a painless ulcer with a firm base, not multiple ulcers. Epidermoid cyst (choice D) presents as a benign skin lesion, not with the symptoms described.
Before implantation, the blastocyst obtains its nutrition from the uterine endometrial secretions. How does the blastocyst obtain nutrition during the first week after implantation?
- A. It continues to derive nutrition from endometrial secretions
- B. The cells of the blastocyst contain stored nutrients that are metabolized for nutritional support
- C. The placenta provides nutrition derived from maternal blood
- D. The trophoblast cells digest the nutrient-rich endometrial cells and then absorb their contents for use by the blastocyst
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the endometrial lining during implantation.
Step 2: The trophoblast cells secrete enzymes to digest the nutrient-rich endometrial cells.
Step 3: The digested nutrients are absorbed by the trophoblast cells.
Step 4: These nutrients are then utilized by the blastocyst for its growth and development.
Step 5: This process ensures that the blastocyst receives the necessary nutrition for the first week after implantation.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Endometrial secretions are no longer the source of nutrition after implantation.
B: Incorrect. While the blastocyst may contain some stored nutrients, they are not sufficient for the first week post-implantation.
C: Incorrect. The placenta is not fully functional until later in pregnancy, so it does not provide nutrition in the first week.