Nokea
The male sex of the child involves the following during fecundation:
- A. the spermatozoon should contain the X sex chromosome;
- B. the spermatozoon should contain the Y sex chromosome;
- C. the ovule should contain the contain the Y sex chromosome;
- D. the spermatozoon should contain the Y sex chromosome and the ovule should contain the contain the X sex chromosome;
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: At fertilization, the sperm contributes either an X or Y sex chromosome.
Step 2: The ovum always contributes an X sex chromosome.
Step 3: If the sperm carries the Y chromosome, the resulting child will be male.
Therefore, the correct choice is B.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. If the sperm contains the X chromosome, the child will be female.
C: Incorrect. Ovule always contains an X chromosome.
D: Incorrect. This choice combines correct and incorrect information, as the sperm must contain the Y chromosome for a male child.
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The clusters of specific glands that cycle are known as ________. produce milk when a woman is
- A. the menstrual phase lactating are called _______.
- B. the secretory phase
- C. lactiferous ducts
- D. menses
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: the secretory phase. During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the glands in the breast tissue prepare for potential milk production. This phase occurs after ovulation when the body is getting ready for a possible pregnancy. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: the menstrual phase refers to the shedding of the uterine lining, not the breast glands.
C: lactiferous ducts are the tubes that carry milk from the glands to the nipple, not the clusters of glands themselves.
D: menses refers to the menstrual bleeding period, not the phase in which the breast glands are active for milk production.
Bladder infections are known as
- A. seminiferous tubule
- B. nephritis.
- C. interstitial cell
- D. diverticulitis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: interstitial cell. Bladder infections are commonly referred to as cystitis, which is the inflammation of the bladder. Interstitial cells are found in the bladder wall and play a role in bladder function. Choice A, seminiferous tubule, is incorrect because it is a structure in the testes involved in sperm production. Choice B, nephritis, refers to inflammation of the kidneys, not the bladder. Choice D, diverticulitis, is inflammation of the diverticula in the colon, not related to bladder infections. Therefore, the most appropriate term for bladder infections is interstitial cell.
Which of the following is not involved in parturition.
- A. an increase in prostaglandin secretion
- B. an increase in uterine oxytocin receptors
- C. an increase in luteinising hormone secretion.
- D. an increase in oxytocin secretion.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Parturition is the process of giving birth.
2. Luteinising hormone (LH) is primarily involved in the menstrual cycle and ovulation, not parturition.
3. Prostaglandins and oxytocin play crucial roles in initiating and sustaining labor.
4. An increase in uterine oxytocin receptors is necessary for effective uterine contractions during parturition.
5. Therefore, an increase in luteinising hormone secretion is not involved in parturition.
Summary of incorrect choices:
A: Incorrect - an increase in prostaglandin secretion is involved in parturition.
B: Incorrect - an increase in uterine oxytocin receptors is necessary for parturition.
D: Incorrect - an increase in oxytocin secretion is crucial for initiating labor.
Inflammation of joints
- A. Arthritis
- B. Osteomyelitis
- C. Chondritis
- D. Chondritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arthritis. Arthritis specifically refers to inflammation of joints, making it the most appropriate choice. Osteomyelitis (B) is an infection of the bone, not joints. Chondritis (C) is inflammation of cartilage, not joints. The duplicate choice of Chondritis (D) is incorrect.
In the following figure, which lines most likely reflect the responses in a patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
- A. A and C
- B. A and D
- C. B and C
- D. B and D
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the kidney tubules are unable to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This results in the inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive dilute urine output. Lines A and D in the figure represent a high urine output (polyuria) and low urine osmolality, which are characteristic of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Choice A (A and C) is incorrect because line C does not show low urine osmolality. Choice C (B and C) is incorrect because line B does not show high urine output. Choice D (B and D) is incorrect because line D does not show low urine osmolality.