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Why is rupturing of the hymen not considered a confirmation of loss of virginity?
- A. Because the hymen is not affected by any sexual activity
- B. Because the hymen can be perforated during physical activity, insertion of a tampon, or pelvic examination.
- C. Because the hymen is ruptured the first time a person urinates.
- D. Because the hymen is very delicate and may be ruptured even when running or doing strenuous exercises.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The hymen can be perforated by various non-sexual activities, making it an unreliable indicator of virginity.
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Which of the following is not involved in parturition.
- A. an increase in prostaglandin secretion
- B. an increase in uterine oxytocin receptors
- C. an increase in luteinising hormone secretion.
- D. an increase in oxytocin secretion.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Parturition is the process of giving birth.
2. Luteinising hormone (LH) is primarily involved in the menstrual cycle and ovulation, not parturition.
3. Prostaglandins and oxytocin play crucial roles in initiating and sustaining labor.
4. An increase in uterine oxytocin receptors is necessary for effective uterine contractions during parturition.
5. Therefore, an increase in luteinising hormone secretion is not involved in parturition.
Summary of incorrect choices:
A: Incorrect - an increase in prostaglandin secretion is involved in parturition.
B: Incorrect - an increase in uterine oxytocin receptors is necessary for parturition.
D: Incorrect - an increase in oxytocin secretion is crucial for initiating labor.
Trabecular bone is otherwise called as
- A. Compact bone
- B. Cortical bone
- C. Spongy bone
- D. None of the abov
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Trabecular bone, also known as spongy bone, is characterized by its porous structure with trabeculae. It is found at the ends of long bones and inside flat bones. Spongy bone provides structural support and flexibility. Compact bone (A) is dense and forms the outer layer of bones. Cortical bone (B) is synonymous with compact bone. Choice D is incorrect as trabecular bone is specifically known as spongy bone.
What structure attaches the ovaries and the uterus to the pelvic wall?
- A. Broad ligament
- B. Mesovarium
- C. Ovarian ligament
- D. Suspensory ligament
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Suspensory ligament. The suspensory ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall and also contains the ovarian artery, vein, and nerves. This structure supports and suspends the ovaries in the pelvic cavity. The broad ligament (A) is a sheet of peritoneum that connects the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries to the pelvic wall. The mesovarium (B) is a fold of peritoneum that attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament. The ovarian ligament (C) attaches the ovaries to the uterus. Therefore, the suspensory ligament is the correct answer as it specifically connects the ovaries to the pelvic wall.
Before implantation, the blastocyst obtains its nutrition from the uterine endometrial secretions. How does the blastocyst obtain nutrition during the first week after implantation?
- A. It continues to derive nutrition from endometrial secretions
- B. The cells of the blastocyst contain stored nutrients that are metabolized for nutritional support
- C. The placenta provides nutrition derived from maternal blood
- D. The trophoblast cells digest the nutrient-rich endometrial cells and then absorb their contents for use by the blastocyst
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the endometrial lining during implantation.
Step 2: The trophoblast cells secrete enzymes to digest the nutrient-rich endometrial cells.
Step 3: The digested nutrients are absorbed by the trophoblast cells.
Step 4: These nutrients are then utilized by the blastocyst for its growth and development.
Step 5: This process ensures that the blastocyst receives the necessary nutrition for the first week after implantation.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Endometrial secretions are no longer the source of nutrition after implantation.
B: Incorrect. While the blastocyst may contain some stored nutrients, they are not sufficient for the first week post-implantation.
C: Incorrect. The placenta is not fully functional until later in pregnancy, so it does not provide nutrition in the first week.
Choose the correct sequence of human embryonic development.
- A. Fertilization - organogenesis - gastrulation - cleavag
- B. Cleavage - fertilization - gastrulation - organogenesis.
- C. Fertilization - cleavage - organogenesis - gastrulation.
- D. Fertilization - cleavage - gastrulation- organogenesis.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct sequence of human embryonic development is D: Fertilization - cleavage - gastrulation - organogenesis.
1. Fertilization: The union of egg and sperm forms a zygote.
2. Cleavage: Zygote undergoes rapid cell division without growth.
3. Gastrulation: Formation of three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
4. Organogenesis: Organ formation from germ layers.
This sequence reflects the chronological order of events in early human development.
Choice A is incorrect as organogenesis occurs after gastrulation.
Choice B is incorrect as fertilization should precede cleavage.
Choice C is incorrect as organogenesis occurs after gastrulation.