Nokea
The veins of the ovary can open into:
- A. inferior vena cava;
- B. uterine vein;
- C. renal vein;
- D. internal iliac vein;
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: internal iliac vein. The veins of the ovary drain into the ovarian veins, which then connect to the pampiniform plexus, ultimately draining into the internal iliac vein. This pathway allows for the blood from the ovary to be carried back to the heart. The other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect as the ovarian veins do not typically open into the inferior vena cava, uterine vein, or renal vein.
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__________________ glands located just beneath the urinary bladder produce fluids that aid in nourishment and provides energy to the sperm cells
- A. Bulbourethral glands
- B. Bartholin's glands
- C. Seminal vesicle
- D. Prostate gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Seminal vesicle. Seminal vesicles are located just beneath the urinary bladder and produce fluids that aid in nourishment and provide energy to sperm cells. They contribute a significant portion of seminal fluid, which contains nutrients and substances that enhance sperm motility and viability. The other choices are incorrect because: A (Bulbourethral glands) produce pre-ejaculate fluid for lubrication, B (Bartholin's glands) are located near the vaginal opening in females, and D (Prostate gland) produces a fluid that helps with sperm motility and viability but is not located just beneath the urinary bladder.
Regarding the function of placenta
- A. The foetal blood is separated from maternal body by placenta barrier which is composed of 4 layers.
- B. The placental barrier allows the passage of IgG antibodies.
- C. Progesterone induces preterm labour
- D. Rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion depends on pressure gradient
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: The placental barrier is semi-permeable, allowing small molecules like oxygen and nutrients to pass but blocking larger molecules like antibodies.
Step 2: IgG antibodies are the only type that can cross the placenta through active transport mechanisms.
Step 3: This transfer provides passive immunity to the fetus.
Step 4: Options A, C, and D are incorrect as the placenta has 4 main layers, progesterone does not induce preterm labor, and gas diffusion depends on concentration gradients, not pressure gradients.
The ________________ is a muscular organ that is situated between the bladder and the rectum
- A. Vagina
- B. Uterus
- C. Vulva
- D. Ovary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Uterus. The uterus is a muscular organ located between the bladder and rectum. It plays a crucial role in pregnancy by nurturing and supporting the developing fetus. The other choices (A: Vagina, C: Vulva, D: Ovary) are incorrect because the vagina is a canal leading to the uterus, the vulva is the external genitalia, and the ovary is responsible for producing eggs and hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is the uterus based on its anatomical location and function in the reproductive system.
Which of the following cells could be fertilized?
- A. Polar body
- B. Primary oocyte
- C. Secondary oocyte
- D. Oogonium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secondary oocyte. After meiosis I, the primary oocyte forms a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte is the cell that can be fertilized by a sperm to form a zygote. Polar bodies are products of oogenesis that do not participate in fertilization. Oogonium is a primordial germ cell in the ovary that undergoes mitosis to form primary oocytes. Therefore, the secondary oocyte is the only viable option for fertilization among the choices provided.
Your 22 year old female patient is c/o severe burning with urination, fever of 101, and aching all over. She takes oral contraceptives. She reports one new partner within the last month. Palpation of the inguinal nodes reveals bilateral lymphadenopathy. There are more than 10 shallow ulcers along each side of the vulva. She is very tender at the introitus. Urine has some WBCs but no RBCs or bacteria. Which disorder of the vulva is most likely?
- A. Genital herpes
- B. Condylomata acuminata
- C. Syphilitic chancre
- D. Epidermoid cyst
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Genital herpes. The patient's symptoms of severe burning with urination, fever, aching, new sexual partner, bilateral lymphadenopathy, multiple shallow ulcers along the vulva, tenderness at the introitus, and absence of RBCs or bacteria in urine are all consistent with genital herpes. Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and presents with painful vesicular lesions in the genital area. The presence of ulcers and lymphadenopathy points towards an infectious etiology. Condylomata acuminata (choice B) presents as genital warts caused by HPV, which typically do not cause ulcers. Syphilitic chancre (choice C) presents as a painless ulcer with a firm base, not multiple ulcers. Epidermoid cyst (choice D) presents as a benign skin lesion, not with the symptoms described.