Nokea
Why is it important to feed newborn infants every few hours?
- A. The hepatic capacity to store and synthesize glycogen and glucose is not adequate to maintain the plasma glucose concentration in a normal range for more than a few hours after feeding
- B. If adequate fluid is not ingested frequently, the plasma protein concentration will rise to greater than normal levels within a few hours
- C. The function of the gastrointestinal system is poorly developed and can be improved by keeping food in the stomach at all times
- D. The hepatic capacity to form plasma proteins is minimal and requires the constant availability of amino acids from food to avoid hypoproteinemic edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Newborn infants have limited hepatic capacity to store and synthesize glycogen and glucose.
Step 2: This limited capacity results in the plasma glucose concentration not being maintained in a normal range for more than a few hours after feeding.
Step 3: Feeding every few hours ensures a constant supply of glucose to maintain plasma glucose levels.
Step 4: Thus, it is important to feed newborn infants every few hours to prevent hypoglycemia.
Summary:
A: Correct - Maintaining plasma glucose levels due to limited hepatic capacity.
B: Incorrect - Protein concentration is not the primary concern for feeding frequency.
C: Incorrect - Keeping food in the stomach constantly does not improve gastrointestinal function.
D: Incorrect - Hypoproteinemic edema is not the primary reason for feeding frequency.
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A nurse examines a patient and finds a single, firm, painless open sore with indurated borders on the vulva. The nurse correlates this finding with which disorder?
- A. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- B. Herpes infection
- C. Gonorrhea
- D. Syphilis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Syphilis. A single, firm, painless open sore with indurated borders on the vulva is characteristic of the primary stage of syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. This sore is known as a chancre and typically appears at the site of infection. It is painless due to the destruction of local sensory nerves by the bacteria. Syphilis can progress through different stages if left untreated.
Choice A: HPV infection does not typically present with a single painless sore but rather with warty growths or lesions on the genital area.
Choice B: Herpes infection usually presents with multiple painful blisters or sores, not a single painless sore.
Choice C: Gonorrhea does not typically present as a painless sore but rather with symptoms like burning during urination, discharge, and pelvic pain.
Which structure helps regulate the temperature of the testes?
- A. Dartos muscle
- B. Tunica vaginalis
- C. Tunica albuginea
- D. Seminiferous tubules
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dartos muscle. The Dartos muscle is a layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum that contracts and relaxes to regulate the temperature of the testes by adjusting their distance from the body for temperature control. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Tunica vaginalis is a serous membrane that surrounds the testes, providing support and lubrication.
C: Tunica albuginea is a dense fibrous membrane that covers the testes, providing structural support.
D: Seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production in the testes, but do not play a direct role in temperature regulation.
The menstrual cycle is triggered each month by
- A. the release of blood from the uterus
- B. the buildup of the lining of the uterus
- C. hormones
- D. sexual intercourse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hormones. Hormones, specifically estrogen and progesterone, control the menstrual cycle by regulating the release of an egg from the ovary, thickening the uterine lining, and preparing the body for pregnancy or menstruation. Hormonal fluctuations throughout the cycle signal the body to shed the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur. Choices A and B are incorrect as they describe events during the menstrual cycle rather than the trigger itself. Choice D, sexual intercourse, does not directly trigger the menstrual cycle but may lead to conception, which is one of the outcomes of the menstrual cycle.
The testicle vascularization:
- A. the arterial one is provided by the gonadal artery, a branch off the abdominal aorta;
- B. the venous one is tributary to the internal iliac vein;
- C. the arterial one is provided by the testicular artery, a branch off the internal iliac artery;
- D. the venous one is tributary to the inferior vena cava;
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the arterial vascularization of the testicle is indeed provided by the gonadal artery, which is a branch off the abdominal aorta. This is anatomically accurate as the gonadal artery supplies blood to the testicles.
Choice B is incorrect because the venous drainage of the testicle is to the testicular vein, which drains into the inferior vena cava, not the internal iliac vein as stated in option B.
Choice C is incorrect because the testicular artery, not the internal iliac artery, is responsible for the arterial supply to the testicle.
Choice D is incorrect because the venous drainage of the testicle is not tributary to the inferior vena cava; instead, it drains into the left renal vein.
Select the following structures which participate in forming the pelvic brim
- A. Arcuate line
- B. Margin ala of sacrum
- C. Pubic tubercle
- D. Sacral promontory
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arcuate line. The pelvic brim is formed by structures at the pelvic inlet. The arcuate line is a ridge on the inner surface of the ilium that contributes to the boundary of the pelvic brim. The other choices, B: Marginal ala of sacrum, C: Pubic tubercle, and D: Sacral promontory, do not directly participate in forming the pelvic brim. The marginal ala of the sacrum is part of the sacrum, the pubic tubercle is located on the pubis bone, and the sacral promontory is a landmark on the sacrum but does not contribute to the pelvic brim.