Nokea
In which of the following disease, the respiratory tract is infected:
- A. Tuberculosis
- B. Q-fever
- C. Legionnaires disease
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Tuberculosis, Q-fever, and Legionnaires disease all can infect the respiratory tract. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs, Q-fever is caused by a bacterium that primarily affects the lungs, and Legionnaires disease is a severe form of pneumonia. All three diseases specifically target the respiratory system, making them the correct choices. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of them individually infects the respiratory tract, not just one or two of them.
You may also like to solve these questions
In the morning a patient had nausea, abdominal discomfort, single vomiting, dry mouth. In the evening, the patient presented with the increasing general weakness, double vision, difficult swallowing of solid food. Objectively: ptosis, mydriasis, anisocoria, absence of gag and pharyngeal reflex, dry mucous membranes. The previous evening the patient had dinner with canned food and alcohol. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
- A. Botulism
- B. Poliomyelitis
- C. Food toxicoinfection
- D. Acute ischemic stroke
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Botulism. The symptoms described, such as ptosis, mydriasis, anisocoria, dry mouth, and absent gag reflex, are classic signs of botulism. Botulism is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, commonly found in improperly preserved canned foods. The progression from gastrointestinal symptoms to neurological symptoms, like double vision and difficulty swallowing, is characteristic of botulism due to the toxin's effect on neuromuscular transmission. Poliomyelitis primarily affects the motor neurons and presents with different symptoms. Food toxicoinfection typically involves gastrointestinal symptoms and does not manifest with the neurological findings seen in this case. Acute ischemic stroke presents with sudden onset neurological deficits due to impaired blood flow to the brain, which is not consistent with the gradual progression of symptoms in this scenario.
Disinfection is:
- A. method for destruction of spore forms of microorganisms
- B. method for destruction of vegetative and spore forms of microorganisms
- C. method to destroy the vegetative forms of microorganism, but their spores may survive
- D. method for determination of the effect of physical agents on the microorganism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Disinfection is the process of destroying the vegetative forms of microorganisms, but their spores may survive. This is why choice C is correct. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Disinfection does not necessarily target spore forms exclusively.
B: While disinfection targets vegetative forms, it does not always eliminate spore forms.
D: Disinfection is not primarily used for determining the effect of physical agents on microorganisms.
Family Retroviriade:
- A. Their capsid consists of two copies of ssRNA(-)
- B. Are with complex type of symmetry
- C. Are helical, enveloped viruses
- D. Are helical, non-enveloped viruses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Family Retroviridae is known for having a single-stranded RNA genome.
2. The (-) sign indicates that the RNA strand is negative-sense.
3. Therefore, the correct answer A, "Their capsid consists of two copies of ssRNA(-)," is accurate.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect because Retroviridae have simple type of symmetry.
- Choice C is incorrect as Retroviridae are not enveloped viruses.
- Choice D is incorrect because Retroviridae are enveloped viruses.
Microscopy of a sputum smear revealed acid-fast bacilli stained red using the Ziehl-Neelsen method. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Tuberculosis
- B. Leprosy
- C. Diphtheria
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presence of acid-fast bacilli stained red using the Ziehl-Neelsen method indicates a mycobacterial infection. Among the choices, tuberculosis is the most common mycobacterial infection affecting the lungs, presenting with acid-fast bacilli in sputum. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, but it typically does not show up in sputum smears. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which is not acid-fast. Pneumonia is a general term for lung inflammation caused by various pathogens, not specifically mycobacteria. Therefore, the correct diagnosis is tuberculosis based on the microscopy findings.
Which bacteria is responsible for causing the disease known as tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis as it specifically infects the lungs and can spread through the air. Mycobacterium leprae (choice A) causes leprosy, not tuberculosis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (choice C) is a common cause of pneumonia but not tuberculosis. Clostridium botulinum (choice D) causes botulism, a different disease unrelated to tuberculosis. Therefore, the unique characteristics and infection pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis make it the correct choice for the bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis.