Nokea
In which segment of the nephron is glucose reabsorbed?
- A. Loop of henle
- B. Collecting duct
- C. Distal convoluted tubule
- D. Proximal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proximal convoluted tubule. Glucose reabsorption primarily occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule due to the presence of specialized glucose transporters. Step-by-step rationale: 1. Glucose is filtered in the glomerulus and enters the renal tubules. 2. In the proximal convoluted tubule, glucose is reabsorbed through sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLT) and facilitated diffusion via glucose transporters (GLUT). 3. The loop of Henle is primarily responsible for water and electrolyte reabsorption, not glucose. 4. The collecting duct mainly concentrates urine by reabsorbing water and electrolytes, not glucose. 5. The distal convoluted tubule is involved in fine-tuning electrolyte balance and regulating acid-base balance, not glucose reabsorption.
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Which of the following drug is a radical curative in plasmodium vivax malaria * and is used as prophylaxis for malaria at Chloroquine sensitive regions
- A. Quinine
- B. Primaquine
- C. Meoquine
- D. Chloroquine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Primaquine. Primaquine is a radical curative drug for Plasmodium vivax malaria, as it targets the hypnozoite stage in the liver, preventing relapses. It is also used as prophylaxis in Chloroquine-sensitive regions due to its efficacy against P. vivax and P. ovale.
Rationale:
1. Quinine (A) is not a radical curative drug for P. vivax malaria. It is mainly used for treatment of acute malaria.
2. Meoquine (C) is not a radical curative drug for P. vivax malaria and is used more for prophylaxis in certain regions.
3. Chloroquine (D) is not a radical curative drug for P. vivax malaria and is primarily used for treatment and prevention of malaria caused by susceptible strains of Plasmodium species.
Patients with bladder cancer typically exhibit symptoms of:
- A. Weight loss and low back pain.
- B. Fatigue and anemia.
- C. Hematuria and change in urinary pattern.
- D. Difficulty initiating urinary stream and nocturia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because hematuria (blood in urine) and change in urinary pattern are classic symptoms of bladder cancer. Hematuria is the most common presenting symptom. Weight loss and low back pain (choice A) are more indicative of advanced stages of cancer. Fatigue and anemia (choice B) are nonspecific symptoms. Difficulty initiating urinary stream and nocturia (choice D) may be seen in other conditions but are not specific to bladder cancer.
The clinic nurse is preparing a plan of care for a
- A. What role The clinic nurse should recognize what type of will the nurse have in implementing a behavioral therapy incontinence? approach?
- B. Stress incontinence
- C. Provide medication teaching related to
- D. Reflex incontinence pseudoephedrine sulfat
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the clinic nurse needs to recognize the role they will have in implementing a behavioral therapy approach for incontinence. This involves assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating the behavioral interventions to help manage the condition effectively. Choice B is incorrect as it only identifies a type of incontinence without addressing the nurse's role in care. Choice C is incorrect as it focuses on medication teaching, which is not related to behavioral therapy. Choice D is incorrect as it specifically mentions a medication, pseudoephedrine sulfate, which is not relevant to implementing a behavioral therapy approach.
One of the primary functions of the kidney is to filter blood in order to remove substances that have no useful function in the body. Which of the following is the correct path of blood from the abdominal aorta to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
- A. abdominal aorta – renal arteries – segmental arteries – interlobar arteries – arcuate arteries – interlobular arteries – efferent arteries – glomerulus – afferent arteries – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate veins – interlobar veins – renal veins – inferior vena cava
- B. abdominal aorta – renal arteries – interlobar arteries – segmental arteries – arcuate arteries – interlobular arteries – afferent arteries – glomerulus – efferent arteries – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate veins – interlobar veins – renal veins – inferior vena cava
- C. abdominal aorta – renal arteries – segmental arteries – interlobar arteries – arcuate arteries – interlobular arteries – afferent arteries – glomerulus – efferent arteries – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate veins – interlobar veins – renal veins – inferior vena cava
- D. abdominal aorta – renal arteries – interlobar arteries – interlobular arteries – segmental arteries – arcuate arteries – afferent arteries – glomerulus – efferent arteries – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate veins – interlobar veins – renal veins – inferior vena cava
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct path of blood flow in the kidney is from the abdominal aorta to the renal arteries, then to the segmental arteries, followed by interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arteries, glomerulus, efferent arteries, peritubular capillaries, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins, and finally to the inferior vena cava. Choice C accurately follows this sequential flow of blood, making it the correct answer.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice A has the incorrect sequence of interlobar and interlobular arteries, which disrupts the correct flow.
- Choice B also has an incorrect sequence of interlobar and interlobular arteries, leading to an inaccurate path.
- Choice D has the interlobar and interlobular arteries in the wrong order, deviating from the correct blood flow pathway.
Which of the following organism is notorious for developing antimicrobial resistance rapidly?:
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Meningococcus
- C. Treponema pallidum
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Escherichia coli. E. coli is notorious for developing antimicrobial resistance rapidly due to its ability to acquire resistance genes through plasmid exchange and mutation. This bacterium is commonly found in the gut of humans and animals, leading to frequent exposure to antibiotics. On the other hand, choices A, B, and C are less likely to develop resistance as rapidly as E. coli due to their lower frequency of exposure to antibiotics and differences in genetic makeup. Streptococcus pyogenes is susceptible to penicillin, Meningococcus has shown susceptibility to several antibiotics, and Treponema pallidum has limited exposure to antibiotics due to its unique nature as the causative agent of syphilis.