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Is public health surveillance only conducted by public health agencies?
- A. True.
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Public health surveillance is not only conducted by public health agencies. Other entities such as hospitals and private institutions also contribute to surveillance efforts.
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A case definition during an outbreak investigation should specify:
- A. Clinical features
- B. Time
- C. Place
- D. Person
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A good case definition includes clinical criteria and details on time, place, and person to ensure consistent identification of cases.
Identify some infectious diseases that could reach pandemic occurrence during the 21st century.
- A. Influenza, Ebola, Zika.
- B. Diabetes, hypertension.
- C. Osteoporosis, arthritis.
- D. Cancer, Alzheimer's.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Emerging infectious diseases with high transmissibility, such as influenza and Ebola, pose significant pandemic risks.
obesity occurs due to:
- A. more consumption of calorie
- B. more consumption of protein
- C. more consumption of vitamins
- D. None
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Obesity results from excessive calorie intake compared to energy expenditure.
How does the 'healthy worker effect' influence the interpretation of findings from occupational health research?
- A. It tends to decrease mortality differences between workers and the general population.
- B. It tends to increase mortality differences between workers and the general population.
- C. It has no impact on mortality comparisons.
- D. It only affects morbidity rates.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The healthy worker effect biases comparisons because workers are generally healthier than the general population, reducing apparent mortality differences.
Which of the following is the best indicator of health status of a community?
- A. Birth rate
- B. Infant mortality rate
- C. Crude death rate
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is widely regarded as a sensitive indicator of the health status of a community, reflecting access to healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions.