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Kirk sprained his ankle and is asking for pain medication for his mild-to-moderate pain. The appropriate first-line medication would be:
- A. Ibuprofen (Advil)
- B. Acetaminophen with hydrocodone (Vicodin)
- C. Oxycodone (Oxycontin)
- D. Oral morphine (Roxanol)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ibuprofen is first-line for mild-to-moderate pain due to efficacy and safety.
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Which online drug reference makes available to healthcare providers and the public a standard, comprehensive, up-to-date look up and downloadable resource about medicines?
- A. American Drug Index
- B. American Hospital Formulary
- C. DailyMed
- D. Drug Reference
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: DailyMed makes available to healthcare providers and the public a standard, comprehensive, up-to-date look up and downloadable resource about medicines. The American Drug Index, American Hospital Formulary, and Drug Reference are not designed for public use in this manner.
The following class of drugs may be used to treat Parkinsonian syndrome arising from the use of phenothiazines:
- A. Nicotinic receptor antagonists
- B. Muscarinic receptor antagonists
- C. Adrenoceptor antagonists
- D. Anticholinesterases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Antimuscarinics (e.g., benztropine) relieve parkinsonism from phenothiazines.
Metformin is a primary choice of drug to treat hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes because it:
- A. Substitutes for insulin usually secreted by the pancreas
- B. Decreases glycogenolysis by the liver
- C. Increases the release of insulin from beta cells
- D. Decreases peripheral glucose utilization
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metformin reduces hepatic glucose output (glycogenolysis), key in type 2 diabetes; it doesn't mimic insulin or increase release .
Which of the following shows high first pass metabolism:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Phenobarbitone
- C. Phenylbutazone
- D. Phenytoin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Propranolol undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver.
The types of antagonism are:
- A. Summarized
- B. Potentiated
- C. Additive
- D. Competitive
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Competitive antagonism is a recognized type, involving receptor competition between agonist and antagonist.