Nokea
Kupffer cells are found in :
- A. Liver
- B. Kidney
- C. Heart
- D. Blood
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Kupffer cells are macrophages found in the liver, involved in breaking down red blood cells.
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Which of the following is a function of bile?
- A. acidification of GI contents
- B. emulsification of GI contents
- C. enzymatic breakdown of fats
- D. speeding up GI transit time
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bile, produced by the liver, emulsifies fats, breaking them into smaller droplets to increase surface area for digestion by lipases.
Optimum pH for salivary amylase
- A. 1.8
- B. 7.8
- C. 6.8
- D. 3.4
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Salivary amylase (ptyalin) works optimally at a pH of around 6.8, close to neutral.
Following a diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a 70-year-old woman undergoes gastrectomy. Her physician informs her that she will require lifelong intramuscular vitamin B12 injections. Which specific type of cells' absence is responsible for the need for vitamin replacement?
- A. Chief cells
- B. G cells
- C. Goblet cells
- D. Parietal cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Parietal cells produce intrinsic factor, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption; their absence after gastrectomy necessitates B12 injections.
What are the substrate and end-products of digestion by the enzyme lipase?
- A. substrate: triglycerides, end-products: fatty acids and glycerol
- B. substrate: proteins, end-products: amino acids
- C. substrate: carbohydrates, end-products: monosaccharides
- D. substrate: nucleic acids, end-products: nucleotides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lipase acts on triglycerides, breaking them down into fatty acids and glycerol.
All about vermilion zone (free red margin) of lip is true EXCEPT:
- A. Covered by modified mucous membrane
- B. The epith covering has clear keratin superficial layer.
- C. Show deep & numerous dermal papilla
- D. Show NO skin appendages.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The vermilion zone is covered by modified skin, not a mucous membrane, though it lacks skin appendages and has a thin keratin layer.