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Management of hypercalcemia includes all of the following actions except administration of:
- A. Fluid to dilute the calcium le⁺vels
- B. The diuretic furosemide (Lasix), without saline, to increase calcium excretion through kidneys
- C. Inorganic phosphate salts
- D. Intravenous phosphate therapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because administration of the diuretic furosemide without saline is not recommended for managing hypercalcemia. Furosemide can lead to volume depletion and potentially exacerbate hypercalcemia by concentrating calcium levels in the blood.
A: Fluid administration helps dilute calcium levels by increasing urine output.
C: Inorganic phosphate salts can bind with calcium in the gut, reducing absorption.
D: Intravenous phosphate therapy can help lower calcium levels by promoting calcium-phosphate complex formation.
In summary, B is incorrect as it may worsen hypercalcemia, while A, C, and D are valid strategies for managing hypercalcemia.
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A nurse adds a nursing diagnosis to a patient’s care plan. Which information did the nurse document?
- A. Decreased cardiac output related to altered myocardial contractility.
- B. Patient needs a low-fat diet related to inadequate heart perfusion. NursingStoreRN
- C. Offer a low-fat diet because of heart problems.
- D. Acute heart pain related to discomfort.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it follows the correct format of a nursing diagnosis: "Problem related to Etiology." In this case, "Decreased cardiac output" is the problem, and "altered myocardial contractility" is the cause. This format helps identify the specific issue and its underlying cause, allowing for targeted interventions. Choice B is incorrect as it doesn't follow the problem-etiology format and lacks specificity. Choice C is also incorrect as it lacks a clear nursing diagnosis and specific etiology. Choice D is incorrect as it presents a symptom rather than a nursing diagnosis with an associated cause. Overall, choice A is the best option as it provides a clear, specific nursing diagnosis that guides appropriate nursing interventions.
At a public health fair, a nurse discusses the dangers of sun exposure. Prolonged sun exposure has been blamed for which form of cancer?
- A. Malignant melanoma
- B. Basal cell epithelioma
- C. Squamous cell carcinoma
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Malignant melanoma, basal cell epithelioma, and squamous cell carcinoma are all forms of skin cancer associated with prolonged sun exposure. Melanoma is the deadliest form, originating in melanocytes; basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are more common but less aggressive. All three types can develop due to cumulative UV radiation exposure. Therefore, all options are correct in this context.
Mr Santos is scheduled for CT SCAN for the next day, noon time. Which of the following is the correct preparation as instructed by the nurse?
- A. Shampoo hair thoroughly to remove oil and dirt
- B. No special preparation is needed. Instruct the patient to keep his head still and stead
- C. Give a cleansing enema and give fluids until 8 AM
- D. Shave scalp and securely attach electrodes to it
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because shampooing the hair thoroughly helps remove oil and dirt, which can interfere with the CT scan results. By having clean hair, the scan can produce clearer images.
Choice B is incorrect because some preparation is needed for a CT scan, especially regarding cleanliness.
Choice C is incorrect as giving a cleansing enema and fluids until 8 AM is not necessary for a CT scan of the head.
Choice D is incorrect as shaving the scalp and attaching electrodes are not part of routine preparation for a CT scan.
Which of the following terms would indicate to the nurse that a substance is toxic to the ear?
- A. Otoplasty
- B. Ototoxic
- C. Otalgia
- D. Tinnitus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ototoxic. Ototoxic refers to substances that are harmful to the ear, potentially causing hearing loss or damage. The prefix "oto-" specifically relates to the ear. Otoplasty (A) is a surgical procedure to reshape the ear, not related to toxicity. Otalgia (C) refers to ear pain, not toxicity. Tinnitus (D) is a symptom of ringing in the ears, not directly related to toxicity. Therefore, the term "ototoxic" is the best indicator of a substance being toxic to the ear due to its specific reference to ear toxicity.
A 17-year-old student enters the emergency department with a nosebleed that won’t quit. Which of the following positions is recommended for the patient with a nosebleed?
- A. Lying down with feet elevated
- B. Sitting up with neck extended
- C. Lying down with a small pillow under the head
- D. Sitting up leaning slightly forward
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sitting up leaning slightly forward. This position helps prevent blood from flowing back into the throat, reducing the risk of choking and aspiration. It also allows for better drainage of blood out of the nose. Lying down with feet elevated (choice A) can increase blood flow to the head and worsen the nosebleed. Sitting up with neck extended (choice B) can lead to blood flowing into the throat. Lying down with a small pillow under the head (choice C) may cause blood to flow backward.