Nokea
MDG stands for:
- A. Medical Development Group
- B. Millennium Development Goals
- C. Master Development Goals
- D. Management development goal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: MDGs refer to the Millennium Development Goals established by the United Nations.
You may also like to solve these questions
You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease, and your data suggest a protective effect. While presenting your findings, a colleague asks whether you have thought about confounders, such as factor X. Under which of the following conditions could this factor have confounded your interpretation of the data?
- A. It is a risk factor for some other disease, but not heart disease.
- B. It is a risk factor associated with the physical activity measure and heart disease.
- C. It is part of the causal pathway by which physical activity affects heart disease.
- D. It has caused a lack of follow-up of test subjects.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A confounder must be associated with both the exposure (physical activity) and the outcome (heart disease), and it should not lie on the causal pathway between them.
Define the following terms: Quasi-experimental study
- A. A study design involving random assignment of participants.
- B. A study using naturally occurring groups without randomization.
- C. A controlled trial with blinding.
- D. A study focusing on individual-level outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Quasi-experimental studies do not involve random assignment, often using existing groups.
Which of the following does not fall under planning?
- A. Follow up
- B. Plan formulation
- C. Execution
- D. Evaluation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Follow-up is typically considered part of monitoring rather than planning.
Describe the significance for epidemiology of the use of natural experiments.
- A. Natural experiments allow for randomized controlled trials.
- B. Natural experiments eliminate the need for data collection.
- C. Natural experiments provide real-world data without artificial manipulation.
- D. Natural experiments are only used in laboratory settings.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Natural experiments study real-world conditions, providing valuable insights into disease causation and prevention.
Define in your own words the term 'operations research'.
- A. The use of mathematical models to optimize healthcare delivery.
- B. Research focused on surgical procedures.
- C. Studies conducted in hospital operating rooms.
- D. Analysis of clinical trial data.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Operations research involves applying mathematical and analytical methods to optimize complex systems, such as healthcare delivery.