Nokea
Microscopic examination of a microbial culture revealed fusiform spore-forming microorganisms that get violet-blue Gram's stain. What microorganisms were revealed?
- A. Clostridia
- B. Streptococci
- C. Spirochaete
- D. Actinomycete
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridia. Fusiform spore-forming microorganisms that stain violet-blue with Gram's stain are characteristic of Clostridia. Clostridia are anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria known for their ability to form spores and cause diseases such as tetanus and botulism.
Summary of other choices:
B: Streptococci are spherical, not fusiform, and typically do not form spores.
C: Spirochaete are spiral-shaped bacteria and do not typically form spores.
D: Actinomycete are filamentous bacteria that do not typically form spores and do not stain violet-blue with Gram's stain.
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An adult patient with type 2 diabetes attends the emergency room. He reported that two days ago he was accidentally injured in the left leg, but he did not seek medical care. At the time of examination, an infected wound was found, surrounded by a large area of inflammation with characteristic tissue crepitation on palpation and with foul odor. Blood (for hemoculture) and wound secretions were taken for microbiological testing. The microscopic examination reveals large Gram-positive bacteria, with centrally located spores. These bacteria were unable to grow in vitro at presence of oxygen. The most likely cause of this disease is:
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Clostridium perfringens
- C. Clostridium botulinum
- D. Clostridium difficile
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clostridium perfringens. In this case, the patient's presentation of infected wound with tissue crepitation, foul odor, and Gram-positive bacteria with centrally located spores that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen is indicative of gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens. This anaerobic bacterium produces various toxins that lead to tissue destruction and gas production in the affected area. Clostridium tetani (choice A) causes tetanus, characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms. Clostridium botulinum (choice C) causes botulism, leading to muscle paralysis. Clostridium difficile (choice D) is associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. These choices are incorrect as they do not match the clinical presentation described in the question.
A duodenal content smear of a patient with indigestion contains protozoa 10-18 mcm large. They have piriform bodies, 4 pairs of filaments, two symmetrically located nuclei in the broadened part of body. What kind of the lowest organisms is it?
- A. Lamblia
- B. Dysentery ameba
- C. Trichomonas
- D. Intestinal ameba
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lamblia. The description matches the characteristics of Giardia lamblia - a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. The piriform bodies, 4 pairs of filaments, and two symmetrically located nuclei are specific to Giardia lamblia. It is important to differentiate it from the other choices. Dysentery ameba (choice B) typically has a single nucleus and lacks the specific characteristics described. Trichomonas (choice C) is a flagellated protozoan with different morphology and does not match the given description. Intestinal ameba (choice D) such as Entamoeba histolytica usually has a single nucleus and different body shape compared to the described organism.
Fungi that help the roots of plants to absorb minerals and water from the soil are:
- A. decomposers
- B. mycorrhizae
- C. yeasts
- D. molds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic fungi that form a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, aiding in the absorption of minerals and water. They enhance the plant's nutrient uptake capacity, promoting plant growth and health. Decomposers (A) break down dead organic matter, yeasts (C) are single-celled fungi used in fermentation, and molds (D) are fungi that grow in multicellular filaments. These options do not specifically assist plant roots in mineral and water absorption like mycorrhizae do.
Some of the viruses have a cubic type of symmetry, which in the shape of
- A. tetrahedral structure
- B. hexahedral structure
- C. dodecahedral structure
- D. icosahedral structure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: icosahedral structure. Icosahedral symmetry is common in viruses due to its efficient packing of genetic material. It consists of 20 equilateral triangular faces and 12 vertices. This symmetry allows viruses to have a stable structure and optimal capacity for encapsulating their genetic material.
A: Tetrahedral structure is incorrect as it consists of 4 faces and is not commonly found in viruses.
B: Hexahedral structure is incorrect as it consists of 6 faces and is not a common symmetry type in viruses.
C: Dodecahedral structure is incorrect as it consists of 12 faces and is not typically seen in viruses.
In summary, the icosahedral structure is the correct choice due to its stability, efficient packing, and common presence in viral structures compared to the other options.
The discipline addressing issues associated with the choice and application of drugs to be used for disease prevention, treatment, and/or diagnosis is:
- A. pharmacotherapeutics
- B. toxicology
- C. pharmacokinetics
- D. pharmacy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pharmacotherapeutics. Pharmacotherapeutics focuses on the selection and use of drugs for disease prevention, treatment, and diagnosis. It involves determining the most effective and safe medications for specific conditions based on patient factors. Toxicology (B) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals, including drugs. Pharmacokinetics (C) focuses on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body. Pharmacy (D) involves the preparation and dispensing of medications, but does not specifically address drug selection and application for disease management. Therefore, pharmacotherapeutics is the most suitable discipline for addressing the use of drugs in disease management.