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Millions of sensory receptors detect changes, called ________, which occur inside and outside the body.
- A. neuron
- B. skin
- C. motor
- D. stimuli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sensory receptors detect changes, known as stimuli, which occur both inside and outside the body. These stimuli can include temperature, pressure, light, and chemical changes. Neurons are the cells that transmit these signals, while the skin is an organ that contains sensory receptors. Motor refers to the output of the nervous system, such as muscle movement. Stimuli is the correct answer as it refers to the changes detected by sensory receptors.
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The causes of somatic system disorders may be related to:
- A. faulty perceptions of body sensations.
- B. traumatic childhood events.
- C. culture-bound phenomena.
- D. mood instability.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Somatic system disorders involve physical symptoms with no apparent medical cause.
Step 2: Faulty perceptions of body sensations can lead to exaggerated or misinterpreted physical symptoms.
Step 3: This can result in somatic system disorders like hypochondriasis or somatic symptom disorder.
Step 4: Traumatic childhood events (choice B) may contribute to psychological disorders but are not specific to somatic system disorders.
Step 5: Culture-bound phenomena (choice C) and mood instability (choice D) are not primary causes of somatic system disorders.
Summary: The correct answer is A because faulty perceptions of body sensations can directly contribute to somatic system disorders, while the other choices are not directly related to the development of these disorders.
The upper motor neuron impairment produces the following change of muscles tone:
- A. flaccidity
- B. spasticity
- C. "cog wheel" rigidity
- D. myoclonia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Spasticity is the correct answer because upper motor neuron lesions typically result in increased muscle tone due to the loss of inhibitory signals from the brain. This leads to hyperreflexia, clonus, and rigidity, which are hallmark signs of spasticity. The condition arises from damage to the corticospinal tract, which disrupts the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the motor neurons.
Which is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain?
- A. serotonin
- B. glutamate
- C. dopamine
- D. GABA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in nearly all excitatory brain functions. It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Glutamate binds to receptors on postsynaptic neurons, promoting the transmission of signals. However, excessive glutamate activity can lead to excitotoxicity, causing neuronal damage and contributing to conditions like stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
Which of these is the most important cause of adult onset epilepsy?
- A. neurocysticercosis
- B. neurotoxoplasmosis
- C. primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
- D. African trypanosomiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: neurocysticercosis. Neurocysticercosis is the most common cause of adult onset epilepsy worldwide. It is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium. The larvae can infect the brain and lead to seizures. Neurotoxoplasmosis (B) is more commonly associated with HIV patients. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (C) is caused by the amoeba Naegleria fowleri and is rare. African trypanosomiasis (D) does not typically cause epilepsy. Therefore, neurocysticercosis is the most important cause of adult onset epilepsy due to its global prevalence and direct impact on the brain leading to seizures.
An increase in intra-ocular pressure occurs with:
- A. normal blinking
- B. coughing
- C. hypercarbia
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Intraocular pressure increases during normal blinking, coughing, and hypercarbia due to changes in intrathoracic pressure and blood flow.