Nokea
Monitoring for a child on methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) includes:
- A. ADHD symptoms
- B. Routine height and weight checks
- C. Amount of methylphenidate being used
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All are monitored: symptom control, growth effects, and medication use.
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Which action would the FDA take to expedite drug development and approval for an outbreak of smallpox?
- A. List smallpox as a health orphan disease
- B. Omit the preclinical research phase
- C. Extend the clinical research phase
- D. Fast track the investigational drug
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fast tracking prioritizes the drug within the FDA, expediting development for urgent needs like a smallpox outbreak. Orphan disease status, omitting preclinical phases, or extending clinical phases would not align with rapid response needs.
A patient needs to take 1 g PO of cefadroxil. The drug comes in 500-mg tablets. How many tablets should the patient take?
- A. 0.5 tablet
- B. 1 tablet
- C. 2 tablets
- D. 3 tablets
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Convert 1 g to mg by multiplying 1 g times 1000 mg. There are 500 mg in each tablet. Dividing the 1000-mg prescribed dosage by the 500-mg available dosage, the answer is 2 tablets.
A 50-year-old woman has just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and given a prescription for metformin. Which of the following statements is characteristic of this medication?
- A. Metformin is inappropriate for initial management of type 2 diabetes
- B. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production
- C. Metformin undergoes significant metabolism via the cytochrome P450 system
- D. Weight gain is a common adverse effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production, a key mechanism in managing type 2 diabetes, and is often a first-line treatment.
Grapefruit juice contains furanocoumarins that have been found to:
- A. Alter absorption of drugs through competition for binding sites
- B. Inhibit CYP 3A4, leading to decreased first-pass metabolism of drugs
- C. Alter vitamin K metabolism, leading to prolonged bleeding
- D. Enhance absorption of calcium and vitamin D
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Furanocoumarins in grapefruit juice inhibit CYP3A4, reducing first-pass metabolism and increasing drug levels (e.g., statins).
If an agonist can produce maximal effects and has high efficacy it's called:
- A. Partial agonist
- B. Antagonist
- C. Agonist-antagonist
- D. Full agonist
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A full agonist achieves maximal receptor activation and effect.