Nokea
The current recommended first line treatment of severe malaria in Kenya is?
- A. Quinine
- B. Fansidar
- C. Artescinate
- D. Artemether - lumefantrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Artesunate (often misspelled as Artescinate) is the recommended first-line treatment for severe malaria in Kenya per WHO and national guidelines, administered IV or IM, followed by oral therapy.
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What describes the action of a drug on the body?
- A. Pharmacodynamics
- B. Pharmacokinetics
- C. Microbiology
- D. Physiology
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on the body, including mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects, unlike pharmacokinetics, which focuses on drug movement.
The client with ovarian cancer is being treated with vincristine (Oncovin). The nurse monitors the client, knowing that which of the following indicates a side effect specific to this medication?
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Hair loss
- C. Chest pain
- D. Numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A side effect specific to vincristine is peripheral neuropathy, which occurs in almost every client. Peripheral neuropathy can be manifested as numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes. Depression of the Achilles tendon reflex may be the first clinical sign indicating peripheral neuropathy. Constipation rather than diarrhea is most likely to occur with this medication, although diarrhea may occur occasionally. Hair loss occurs with nearly all the antineoplastic medications. Chest pain is unrelated to this medication.
Which action would the FDA take to expedite drug development and approval for an outbreak of smallpox?
- A. List smallpox as a health orphan disease
- B. Omit the preclinical research phase
- C. Extend the clinical research phase
- D. Fast track the investigational drug
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fast tracking prioritizes the drug within the FDA, expediting development for urgent needs like a smallpox outbreak. Orphan disease status, omitting preclinical phases, or extending clinical phases would not align with rapid response needs.
The patient is taking a drug that affects the body by increasing cellular activity. Where does this drug work on the cell?
- A. Receptor sites
- B. Cell membrane
- C. Golgi body
- D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Many drugs are thought to act at specific areas on cell membranes called receptor sites. After the receptor site is activated, this in turn activates the enzyme systems to produce certain effects, such as increased or decreased cellular activity, changes in cell membrane permeability, or alterations in cellular metabolism. Receptor sites are generally located on the outside of cells and allow the drug to bypass the cell membrane. The Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum are not involved in this process.
A 50-year-old woman has just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and given a prescription for metformin. Which of the following statements is characteristic of this medication?
- A. Metformin is inappropriate for initial management of type 2 diabetes
- B. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production
- C. Metformin undergoes significant metabolism via the cytochrome P450 system
- D. Weight gain is a common adverse effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production, a key mechanism in managing type 2 diabetes, and is often a first-line treatment.