Nokea
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to:
- A. Block the proliferation of cancer cells
- B. Target cancer cells for destruction
- C. Inhibit inflammatory immune responses
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because monoclonal antibodies have the ability to block the proliferation of cancer cells by targeting specific antigens on the cancer cells. They can also target cancer cells for destruction through various mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can inhibit inflammatory immune responses by neutralizing pro-inflammatory mediators or blocking immune cell activation pathways. Therefore, all the options A, B, and C are correct, making D the correct answer.
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Alumn is an adjuvant that triggers
- A. TLR4
- B. DAMPs formation
- C. NOD1
- D. TLR9
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DAMPs formation. Alum is known to trigger the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are endogenous molecules released by damaged cells. This activation of DAMPs plays a crucial role in initiating and enhancing the immune response. The other choices, TLR4, NOD1, and TLR9, are receptors involved in recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) rather than DAMPs. Therefore, they are not directly triggered by alum. This makes choice B the correct answer based on the known mechanism of action of alum as an adjuvant.
Which of the following molecules can function both as complement initiators and as opsonins?
- A. C3b
- B. C-reactive protein
- C. MBL
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. C3b, C-reactive protein, and MBL can all function as complement initiators and opsonins. C3b is a key complement protein involved in both processes. C-reactive protein can activate complement and enhance phagocytosis. MBL can also activate complement and enhance phagocytosis by binding to pathogens. All choices can serve as both initiators of the complement cascade and as opsonins, making D the correct answer.
What percent of clients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) will experience hypotension during a tilt table test,which can eventually be diagnostic for these clients?
- A. 60%
- B. 96%
- C. 80%
- D. 20%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Approximately 96% of clients with CFS experience hypotension during a tilt table test which helps in diagnosing the condition.
The class of an immunoglobulin
- A. is determined by Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex proteins
- B. is determined by the carbohydrate attached to the light chain is
- C. determined by the antigen
- D. is determined by the heavy chain type
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the class of an immunoglobulin is determined by the type of heavy chain it possesses. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) which are defined by the heavy chain constant region. Different heavy chain types result in different effector functions and biological properties. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the class of an immunoglobulin is not determined by Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex proteins, carbohydrate attached to the light chain, or the antigen. These factors may influence the function or specificity of the antibody, but they do not determine its class.
Which of the following best describes granuloma formation?
- A. IgE-mediated mast cell activation
- B. Persistent recruitment of macrophages around undigested antigens
- C. Deposition of immune complexes in tissues
- D. Complement-mediated cell lysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Granuloma formation is characterized by the persistent recruitment of macrophages around undigested antigens. Initially, macrophages attempt to phagocytose the antigen but fail to digest it completely, leading to the formation of a granuloma. This process is a protective mechanism to isolate the antigen and prevent its spread. IgE-mediated mast cell activation (choice A) is associated with allergic reactions, not granuloma formation. Deposition of immune complexes in tissues (choice C) is linked to immune complex-mediated diseases, not granuloma formation. Complement-mediated cell lysis (choice D) involves the destruction of target cells by the complement system, which is not directly related to granuloma formation.