Nokea
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs in
- A. a gaseous form
- B. blood plasma.
- C. potassium carbonate ions.
- D. bicarbonate ions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bicarbonate ions. When carbon dioxide is produced by the body, it combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid. This carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions, which are more soluble and can easily travel to the lungs where they are converted back into carbon dioxide for exhalation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the form of bicarbonate ions, not as a gas, in blood plasma, or as potassium carbonate ions.
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How is a client positioned for a thoracentesis?
- A. The client sits at the side of the bed.
- B. The client lies on the affected side.
- C. The client lies flat on the back.
- D. The client lies down with the head raised.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. For thoracentesis, the client typically sits at the edge of the bed, leaning forward with arms supported on a table or over their knees to spread out the intercostal spaces and stabilize the chest wall. B is incorrect because lying on the affected side would compress the area being accessed. C is wrong as lying flat reduces access to the pleural space. D is incorrect because raising the head is not standard positioning for this procedure.
Which chamber of the heart is most commonly affected in heart failure?
- A. Left atrium
- B. Right atrium
- C. Left ventricle
- D. Right ventricle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Left ventricle. The left ventricle is the chamber responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, making it the most commonly affected in heart failure. When the left ventricle weakens or becomes stiff, it can lead to inefficient pumping, causing fluid buildup and symptoms of heart failure. The other choices, A: Left atrium, B: Right atrium, and D: Right ventricle, are less commonly affected in heart failure as they have different functions in the heart's circulation.
A nurse is caring for a client who had a modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (modUPPP) earlier in the day for obstructive sleep apnea. Which assessment finding indicates that a priority goal has been met?
- A. Client reports pain is controlled satisfactorily with analgesic regime.
- B. Client does not have foul odor to the breath or beefy red mucus membranes.
- C. Client is able to swallow own secretions without drooling.
- D. Client's vital signs are within normal parameters.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
The correct answer is C because the ability to swallow own secretions without drooling indicates that the client's airway is patent and functional post modUPPP, a priority goal for this procedure. This assessment finding ensures that the client can maintain a clear airway and prevent complications such as aspiration.
Incorrect choices:
A: Although pain control is important, it is not a priority assessment for this specific procedure.
B: Absence of foul odor or red mucus membranes is not directly related to the airway patency or swallowing ability.
D: While normal vital signs are reassuring, they do not directly indicate the success of the surgery in improving airway function.
The Alveolar epithelium is lined with
- A. Non-ciliated Squamous epithelium
- B. Ciliated Squamous epithelium
- C. Ciliated epithelium
- D. Ciliated Columnar epithelium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Non-ciliated Squamous epithelium. The alveolar epithelium in the lungs is composed of thin, flat cells called squamous epithelium. This type of epithelium allows for efficient gas exchange by providing a short diffusion distance. Ciliated epithelium (choice C) and ciliated columnar epithelium (choice D) are not found in the alveoli as they are more suited for moving mucus and debris in the respiratory tract. Ciliated squamous epithelium (choice B) is not a common epithelial type in the alveoli and is not as thin as non-ciliated squamous epithelium, making it less efficient for gas exchange.
The impulse for voluntary muscles for forceful breathing starts in
- A. Medulla (Pons)
- B. Vagus nerve
- C. Cerebral hemispheres
- D. Spinal cord
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cerebral hemispheres. The impulse for voluntary muscles for forceful breathing originates in the cerebral hemispheres where conscious control over breathing is regulated. The cerebral cortex sends signals to the respiratory muscles to increase or decrease breathing effort based on the body's needs. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Medulla (Pons) - This region of the brainstem is responsible for automatic breathing control, not voluntary forceful breathing.
B: Vagus nerve - The vagus nerve is not directly involved in initiating voluntary breathing movements.
D: Spinal cord - While the spinal cord plays a role in coordinating some aspects of breathing, it is not the primary center for voluntary forceful breathing control.