Nokea
Mrs. Crane, an insulin-dependent diabetic, is scheduled for general surgery. The nurse's preoperative teaching should place special emphasis on
- A. pain medications available postoperatively
- B. coughing and deep breathing
- C. early ambulation
- D. adjusting insulin requirements
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Patients undergoing surgery need adjusted insulin dosages to maintain stable blood glucose levels during the perioperative period.
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Endocrine system consists of ductless glands which secrete:
- A. Enzymes
- B. Hormones
- C. Electrolytes
- D. Chemicals
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hormones. The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Hormones are chemical messengers that help control metabolism, growth, development, mood, and other physiological processes. Enzymes (choice A) are not secreted by the endocrine system but by exocrine glands. Electrolytes (choice C) are ions essential for various bodily functions but are not directly secreted by glands of the endocrine system. Choice D, chemicals, is too broad and vague as all substances can be considered chemicals.
A nurse assesses a female client who presents with hirsutism. Which question would the nurse ask when assessing this client?
- A. How do you plan to pay for your treatments?
- B. How do you feel about yourself?
- C. What medications are you prescribed?
- D. What are you doing to prevent this from happening?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: How do you feel about yourself? This question is important because hirsutism, excessive hair growth in women, can have significant psychological implications affecting self-esteem and body image. By asking how the client feels about herself, the nurse can address emotional and mental health concerns related to hirsutism.
A: How do you plan to pay for your treatments? This question is not directly related to the client's emotional well-being and does not address the psychological impact of hirsutism.
C: What medications are you prescribed? This question focuses on the medical management of hirsutism but does not address the client's emotional response to the condition.
D: What are you doing to prevent this from happening? This question is more about preventive measures for hirsutism rather than addressing the client's feelings and self-perception.
To prevent hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia related to exercise, what should the nurse teach the patient using glucose-lowering agents about the best time for exercise?
- A. Only after a 15-g carbohydrate snack is eaten
- B. About 1 hour after eating when blood glucose levels are rising
- C. When glucose monitoring reveals that the blood glucose is in the normal range
- D. When blood glucose levels are high, because exercise always has a hypoglycemic effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exercising about 1 hour after eating helps to ensure blood glucose is rising and reduces the risk of hypoglycemia.
What stimulates the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland?
- A. TSH from the posterior pituitary gland
- B. high levels of calcium in the blood
- C. calcitonin from the anterior pituitary gland
- D. low levels of calcium in the blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: low levels of calcium in the blood. When calcium levels drop, the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium levels in the blood. This is a negative feedback mechanism to maintain calcium homeostasis. A: TSH from the posterior pituitary gland is incorrect because TSH is involved in regulating thyroid function, not PTH release. B: High levels of calcium in the blood would not stimulate PTH release as the body aims to lower, not raise, calcium levels. C: Calcitonin from the anterior pituitary gland is incorrect because calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland and works to lower blood calcium levels, opposing the action of PTH.
Which of the following is the response to low plasma levels of calcium?
- A. Secretion of calcitonin
- B. Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
- C. Inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH
- D. Secretion of PTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Secretion of PTH. Low plasma levels of calcium trigger the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium levels. PTH acts on the bones to stimulate calcium release, on the kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption, and on the intestines to enhance absorption.
A: Secretion of calcitonin is incorrect because calcitonin is released in response to high calcium levels to lower them.
B: Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans is incorrect as these cells secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose levels.
C: Inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH is incorrect as ACTH is related to stress response, not calcium regulation.