Nokea
Muscarinic agonist used for atonic bowel or bladder:
- A. Clonidine
- B. Chlorpromazine
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Ephedrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Certainly! Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist that specifically targets the bladder and bowel smooth muscles, improving their tone and contractility. It is used for conditions like atonic bowel or bladder dysfunction. Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic, and Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine used for decongestion and bronchodilation. These medications do not have the same mechanism of action or target as Bethanechol and are not indicated for atonic bowel or bladder issues.
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Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest __________.
- A. half-life
- B. activation time
- C. molecule
- D. chain of amino acids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: half-life. Water-soluble hormones have a shorter half-life compared to lipid-soluble hormones because they are quickly metabolized and excreted from the body. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Activation time is not directly related to the solubility of hormones.
C: The size of the hormone molecule doesn't determine its solubility in water.
D: The chain of amino acids may vary in different types of hormones, but it doesn't necessarily dictate their solubility.
In its action in cells, aldosterone
- A. increases transport of ENaCs from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
- B. does not act on the cell membrane
- C. binds to a receptor excluded from the nucleus
- D. may activate a heat shock protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because aldosterone increases the transport of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. This process leads to enhanced sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water retention and increasing blood pressure. Choices B and C are incorrect as aldosterone does act on the cell membrane and binds to a receptor located in the cytoplasm, which then translocates to the nucleus. Choice D is incorrect as aldosterone does not directly activate heat shock proteins.
The chemical break down of starch begins in?
- A. The mouth
- B. The oesophagus
- C. The small intestine
- D. The stomach
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The mouth. Starch digestion begins in the mouth due to the enzyme amylase present in saliva. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. This process initiates digestion before food reaches the stomach or small intestine. The other choices are incorrect because oesophagus primarily serves as a passage for food, the small intestine is where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur, and the stomach's main role is to break down proteins with the enzyme pepsin, not starch.
This Hormone is Not Secreted by Hypothalamus
- A. PRH
- B. FSH
- C. CRH
- D. TRH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B (FSH)
Rationale:
1. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus.
2. PRH (Prolactin Releasing Hormone), CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone), and TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) are all hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, involved in regulating pituitary hormone release.
3. Therefore, FSH is the correct answer as it is not directly secreted by the hypothalamus.
Summary:
- FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus.
- PRH, CRH, and TRH are hormones secreted by the hypothalamus.
- Understanding the origin of each hormone helps in determining the correct answer.
The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the production and secretion of hormones from the:
- A. adrenal cortex
- B. anterior pituitary gland
- C. posterior pituitary gland
- D. thyroid gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel to the anterior pituitary gland through the hypophyseal portal system, where they regulate the production and secretion of various hormones. This control mechanism ensures proper hormonal balance in the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary gland, and thyroid gland are not directly regulated by the hypothalamus through releasing and inhibiting hormones.