Multiple Choice Questions Endocrine System

Multiple Choice Questions Endocrine System Related

Review Multiple Choice Questions Endocrine System related questions and content

Which of the following structures connects the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis?

  • A. Islets of Langerhans
  • B. Portal capillaries
  • C. Corpus callosum
  • D. Medulla oblongata
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Portal capillaries. The hypothalamus and adenohypophysis are connected by a system of blood vessels called the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system, which includes portal capillaries. These capillaries carry releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis to regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas involved in insulin and glucagon production, not connected to the hypothalamus or adenohypophysis.
C: The corpus callosum is a structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and is not related to the hypothalamus or adenohypophysis.
D: The medulla oblongata is part of the brainstem responsible for autonomic functions and is not involved in connecting the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis.

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Which of the following inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary?

  • A. Sleep
  • B. Stress
  • C. Puberty
  • D. Somatomedins
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Somatomedins. Somatomedins, also known as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), inhibit the secretion of growth hormone by negative feedback on the anterior pituitary. When somatomedins are present in sufficient levels, they signal to the pituitary gland to decrease the secretion of growth hormone.

A: Sleep does not directly inhibit the secretion of growth hormone. In fact, growth hormone is predominantly secreted during sleep.
B: Stress can stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, rather than inhibit it.
C: Puberty is a stage of development where growth hormone secretion is typically increased, not inhibited.

A 59-year-old man complains of nocturia, urinary frequency, and an inability to urinate forcefully and empty his bladder. Following a complete workup, he was diagnosed with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). We start daily therapy with tamsulosin. Which of the following is the most likely side effect the patient may experience from the tamsulosin, and about which he should be forewarned?

  • A. Bradycardia
  • B. Increased risk of statin-induced skeletal muscle pathology
  • C. First dose hypotension
  • D. Photophobia and other painful responses to bright lights
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: First dose hypotension. Tamsulosin is an alpha-1 blocker commonly used for BPH. It can cause orthostatic hypotension, especially after the first dose due to sudden vasodilation. This side effect is important to be forewarned about to prevent falls or accidents. Bradycardia (choice A) is not a common side effect of tamsulosin. Increased risk of statin-induced skeletal muscle pathology (choice B) is unrelated to tamsulosin. Photophobia and painful responses to bright lights (choice D) are not associated with tamsulosin use.

Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest __________.

  • A. half-life
  • B. activation time
  • C. molecule
  • D. chain of amino acids
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: half-life. Water-soluble hormones have a shorter half-life compared to lipid-soluble hormones because they are quickly metabolized and excreted from the body. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Activation time is not directly related to the solubility of hormones.
C: The size of the hormone molecule doesn't determine its solubility in water.
D: The chain of amino acids may vary in different types of hormones, but it doesn't necessarily dictate their solubility.

Carbohydrate absorption:

  • A. all glucose, galactose and fructose is co-transported with Na by the SGLT-2 transporter into enterocytes
  • B. all glucose/galactose and fructose is transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2
  • C. fructose absorption is a secondary active transport mechanism
  • D. absorption is decreased by insulin
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because glucose, galactose, and fructose are transported across the basolateral membrane by the GLUT2 transporter. This occurs after they are absorbed into enterocytes through various transport mechanisms. Choice A is incorrect because SGLT-2 transporter is responsible for glucose and galactose absorption, not fructose. Choice C is incorrect as fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport. Choice D is incorrect because insulin actually increases carbohydrate absorption by upregulating GLUT2 expression.

Muscarinic receptors can be stimulated by the following drugs EXCEPT:

  • A. Pilocarpine
  • B. Hyoscine
  • C. Acetylcholine
  • D. Neostigmine
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyoscine. Muscarinic receptors can be stimulated by Pilocarpine, Acetylcholine, and Neostigmine, as they are known agonists of muscarinic receptors. Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is an antagonist of muscarinic receptors, blocking their stimulation. This makes it the exception among the listed drugs.

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