Nokea
Which type of food remains in the stomach longest?
- A. Carbohydrate
- B. Proteins
- C. Fats
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fats. Fats take the longest to digest due to their complex structure, requiring more time and effort for the stomach to break them down. This slow digestion process leads to fats staying in the stomach longer compared to carbohydrates and proteins. Carbohydrates are typically broken down relatively quickly, while proteins take longer than carbohydrates but are still processed more efficiently than fats. Therefore, fats remain in the stomach longest among the given options.
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Which of these hormones is made by the posterior pituitary?
- A. FSH
- B. LH
- C. ACTH
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone). ADH is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and regulates water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to reduce urine output. FSH, LH, and ACTH are produced by the anterior pituitary gland and have different functions related to reproductive health and stress response. The key to this question is knowing the specific hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland, making D the correct choice.
Verapamil is a drug used for treating hypertension. It should be used with caution with other drugs that can depress heart rate or contractility. Which drug, if given with verapamil, might therefore cause the greatest risk of depressing heart rate, contractile force, or impulse conduction?
- A. Albuterol
- B. Scopolamine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Isoproterenol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Propranolol. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that can depress heart rate and contractility. Propranolol is a beta-blocker that also decreases heart rate and contractile force. When combined, both drugs can have an additive effect leading to a significant decrease in heart rate and contractility, potentially causing bradycardia or heart failure.
Albuterol (A) is a beta-2 agonist that actually increases heart rate and contractility. Scopolamine (B) is an anticholinergic drug that may decrease heart rate, but its effect is not as significant as propranolol. Isoproterenol (D) is a beta agonist that increases heart rate and contractility, so its combination with verapamil would not pose the same risk as propranolol.
ADH ________.
- A. increases urine production
- B. promotes dehydration
- C. is produced in the adenohypophysis
- D. is inhibited by alcohol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because alcohol inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. ADH helps regulate water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output. Alcohol impairs this process, leading to increased urine production and dehydration. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because ADH decreases urine production, prevents dehydration, and is produced in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), not the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary).
You are providing patient teaching for 46-year-old Anthony about his new medication levothyroxine. Treatment for hypothyroidism includes:
- A. Testosterone gel applied daily.
- B. Levothyroxine taken orally daily.
- C. Rapid-acting insulin injections taken with food.
- D. Propranolol taken daily until symptoms resolve.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism, and it should be taken daily to restore normal thyroid hormone levels.
Which part of pancreas lies near the hilum of the spleen?
- A. Head
- B. Neck
- C. Body
- D. Tail
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: The pancreas is an elongated organ located behind the stomach.
Step 2: The tail of the pancreas is the left end of the organ and is closest to the hilum of the spleen.
Step 3: The spleen and the tail of the pancreas are adjacent to each other in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is D: Tail.
Summary:
- A: Head is incorrect as it is the right end of the pancreas, farther away from the spleen.
- B: Neck is incorrect as it is the narrow portion between the head and body, not near the spleen.
- C: Body is incorrect as it is the central and longest part of the pancreas, not near the spleen.
- D: Tail is correct as it is the left end of the pancreas, nearest to the hilum of the spleen.