Nokea
The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include __________.
- A. glucose-containing hormones
- B. steroid hormones
- C. protein-based hormones
- D. amino acid-based hormones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucose-containing hormones. Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure, and glucose-containing hormones do not fit into any of the main categories (steroid, protein-based, amino acid-based). Glucose is a sugar molecule and not typically found as the primary chemical structure of hormones. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, protein-based hormones are made of amino acids, and amino acid-based hormones are derived from single amino acids or peptides. Therefore, glucose-containing hormones do not align with the traditional chemical classifications of hormones.
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For the patient with hyperthyroidism, what intervention should you delegate to the experienced certified nursing assistant?
- A. Instruct the patient to report palpitations, dyspnea, vertigo, or chest pain.
- B. Check the apical pulse, blood pressure, and temperature every 4 hours.
- C. Draw blood for thyroid-stimulating hormone, T3, and T4 levels.
- D. Explain the side effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) to the patient.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Checking the apical pulse, blood pressure, and temperature every 4 hours is within the scope of practice for a certified nursing assistant and helps monitor the patient's condition.
All the following adverse effects can be produced by beta-blockers EXCEPT:
- A. Hypotension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Bronchodilation
- D. Heart block
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bronchodilation. Beta-blockers primarily work by blocking the beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to a decrease in heart rate and contractility. This can result in adverse effects such as hypotension, heart failure, and heart block due to the reduced cardiac output. However, bronchodilation is not a typical adverse effect of beta-blockers. In fact, beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction in patients with underlying respiratory conditions like asthma, making choice C the correct answer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because hypotension, heart failure, and heart block are known adverse effects associated with beta-blockers due to their mechanism of action on the cardiovascular system.
The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the production and secretion of hormones from the:
- A. adrenal cortex
- B. anterior pituitary gland
- C. posterior pituitary gland
- D. thyroid gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel to the anterior pituitary gland through the hypophyseal portal system, where they regulate the production and secretion of various hormones. This control mechanism ensures proper hormonal balance in the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary gland, and thyroid gland are not directly regulated by the hypothalamus through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
What gland requires iodine in order to produce its hormones?
- A. Adrenal cortex
- B. Pancreas
- C. Parathyroid glands
- D. Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroid gland. The thyroid gland requires iodine to produce its hormones, such as thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which are essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine is a crucial component of these thyroid hormones. The other choices (A: Adrenal cortex, B: Pancreas, C: Parathyroid glands) do not require iodine for hormone production and are not involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is the thyroid gland because it specifically relies on iodine for hormone synthesis, making it the only gland in the list that fits this criteria.
Which is TRUE?
- A. adenosine triphosphate is a low energy phosphate
- B. reduction involves loss of hydrogen or electrons
- C. oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum
- D. ATP is precursor of cyclic AMP
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice D being correct:
1. ATP is an energy carrier molecule.
2. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a precursor of cyclic AMP.
3. Cyclic AMP is a secondary messenger involved in cellular signaling.
4. Therefore, choice D is true.
Summary of incorrect choices:
A: Adenosine triphosphate is a high-energy phosphate, not low.
B: Reduction involves gain, not loss, of electrons.
C: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria, not the endoplasmic reticulum.