Nokea
Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is FALSE?
- A. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) leads to sterility in both males and females.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase as blood volume decreases.
- C. Oxytocin is released in significant amounts ONLY during childbirth and nursing in woman.
- D. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antidiuretic hormone (ADH) actually causes urine volume to decrease as blood volume decreases, not increase. ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water, leading to concentrated urine and conservation of body fluids.
Rationale summary:
A: True, hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to sterility in both males and females.
C: False, oxytocin is also released during sexual activity, breastfeeding, social bonding, and stress responses, not just during childbirth and nursing.
D: True, luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
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Priority Decision: What is the priority nursing intervention during the management of the patient with pheochromocytoma?
- A. Administering IV fluids
- B. Administering β-adrenergic blockers
- C. Monitoring blood pressure
- D. Monitoring intake and output and daily weights
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In managing pheochromocytoma, monitoring and controlling blood pressure is the priority intervention due to the risk of hypertensive crises caused by catecholamine secretion from the tumor.
The main mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _____.
- A. cortisol.
- B. glucagon.
- C. epinephrine.
- D. aldosterone.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: aldosterone. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, responsible for regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure. It acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Cortisol (A) is a glucocorticoid, not a mineralocorticoid. Glucagon (B) is a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels. Epinephrine (C) is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla involved in the fight-or-flight response, not a mineralocorticoid. Therefore, the correct answer is aldosterone (D) due to its specific role in mineral balance regulation.
Complete the following sentence: Hormones are chemical messengers that…
- A. Remain at a constant concentration in the blood
- B. Are synthesised by plasma proteins
- C. Are only produced after puberty
- D. Alter the activity of target tissues
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormones alter the activity of target tissues to regulate various physiological processes in the body. Hormones act on specific receptors in target tissues to initiate a response. Option A is incorrect because hormone levels fluctuate to maintain homeostasis. Option B is incorrect because hormones are typically synthesized by endocrine glands, not plasma proteins. Option C is incorrect because hormones are produced throughout life, not just after puberty.
This Hormone is Not Secreted by Hypothalamus
- A. PRH
- B. FSH
- C. CRH
- D. TRH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B (FSH)
Rationale:
1. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus.
2. PRH (Prolactin Releasing Hormone), CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone), and TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) are all hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, involved in regulating pituitary hormone release.
3. Therefore, FSH is the correct answer as it is not directly secreted by the hypothalamus.
Summary:
- FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus.
- PRH, CRH, and TRH are hormones secreted by the hypothalamus.
- Understanding the origin of each hormone helps in determining the correct answer.
Which of the following drugs is a direct stimulant of β1 and β2 adrenoceptors:
- A. Noradrenaline
- B. Isoprenaline
- C. Salbutamol
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Isoprenaline. Isoprenaline directly stimulates both β1 and β2 adrenoceptors. It is a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, leading to increased heart rate (β1 stimulation) and bronchodilation (β2 stimulation).
Incorrect choices:
A: Noradrenaline mainly acts on α-adrenoceptors.
C: Salbutamol is a selective β2 agonist, not stimulating β1 receptors.
D: Amphetamine primarily acts on catecholamine release and reuptake inhibition, not direct β-adrenoceptor stimulation.