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Which is a water soluble vitamin?
- A. D
- B. B12
- C. A
- D. K
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: B12. Vitamin B12 is water-soluble because it dissolves in water, allowing it to be easily absorbed and transported in the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis. Vitamins D, A, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning they are absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the body's fat tissues. Since they are not water-soluble, they require bile for absorption and are stored in the body for longer periods. Hence, B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin among the given choices.
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The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the production and secretion of hormones from the:
- A. adrenal cortex
- B. anterior pituitary gland
- C. posterior pituitary gland
- D. thyroid gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel to the anterior pituitary gland through the hypophyseal portal system, where they regulate the production and secretion of various hormones. This control mechanism ensures proper hormonal balance in the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary gland, and thyroid gland are not directly regulated by the hypothalamus through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
Complete the following sentence: Hormones are chemical messengers that…
- A. Remain at a constant concentration in the blood
- B. Are synthesised by plasma proteins
- C. Are only produced after puberty
- D. Alter the activity of target tissues
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormones alter the activity of target tissues to regulate various physiological processes in the body. Hormones act on specific receptors in target tissues to initiate a response. Option A is incorrect because hormone levels fluctuate to maintain homeostasis. Option B is incorrect because hormones are typically synthesized by endocrine glands, not plasma proteins. Option C is incorrect because hormones are produced throughout life, not just after puberty.
A patient presents with tiredness, weakness, anorexia, apathy, abdominal pain, hyperpigmentation and postural hypertension. Upon infection he appears to be in cardiogenic shock and his blood volume is depleted. His sodium levels are low, potassium levels are high. Which of the following would also be elevated?
- A. TSH
- B. T4
- C. Adrenal hormone
- D. ACTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ACTH. In this scenario, the patient is exhibiting symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, specifically Addison's disease. ACTH levels would be elevated due to the lack of negative feedback from cortisol, which is typically low in adrenal insufficiency. TSH (A) and T4 (B) would be normal or low due to the hypofunction of the adrenal gland, not the thyroid. Adrenal hormones (C) would be low in adrenal insufficiency, not elevated.
The chemical break down of starch begins in?
- A. The mouth
- B. The oesophagus
- C. The small intestine
- D. The stomach
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The mouth. Starch digestion begins in the mouth due to the enzyme amylase present in saliva. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. This process initiates digestion before food reaches the stomach or small intestine. The other choices are incorrect because oesophagus primarily serves as a passage for food, the small intestine is where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur, and the stomach's main role is to break down proteins with the enzyme pepsin, not starch.
T3, T4, and calcitonin are:
- A. secreted by the thyroid gland.
- B. secreted by the parathyroid glands.
- C. secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.
- D. steroids.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. T3, T4, and calcitonin are hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.
2. Thyroid gland is responsible for producing and releasing these hormones.
3. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels.
4. Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, not T3, T4, or calcitonin.
5. These hormones are not secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.
6. T3, T4, and calcitonin are not steroids, they are peptide hormones.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.