Nokea
ACTH ________.
- A. is secreted by the posterior pituitary
- B. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion
- C. causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
- D. is not a tropic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Secretion of ACTH is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion.
Rationale:
1. The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
2. CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
3. ACTH then stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
4. This feedback loop demonstrates how ACTH secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion.
Summary:
A - Incorrect. ACTH is secreted by the anterior pituitary, not the posterior pituitary.
C - Incorrect. ACTH causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.
D - Incorrect. ACTH is a tropic hormone as it acts on another endocrine gland (adrenal cortex).
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A nurse is teaching a client regarding a hormone that is released by beta islet cells in the pancreas. Which hormone is it?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Glucagon
- C. Insulin
- D. Parathormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas and helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
What is the formula of aluminium sulfate?
- A. Al2(SO4)3
- B. Al2(SO3)4
- C. Al4(SO4)2
- D. Al4(SO3)2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct formula for aluminium sulfate is Al2(SO4)3. This is because aluminium has a 3+ charge while sulfate has a 2- charge, requiring two aluminium ions to balance three sulfate ions. Choice B (Al2(SO3)4) is incorrect because sulfate ions have a 2- charge, not sulfite ions (SO3). Choices C (Al4(SO4)2) and D (Al4(SO3)2) have incorrect subscripts for the elements, not following the correct charge balance.
Which of the following is most responsive to treatment with thyroxine?
- A. Diabetes mellitus
- B. Hyperglycemia
- C. Myxedema
- D. Graves’ disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Myxedema is caused by hypothyroidism, which can be effectively treated with thyroxine.
2. Thyroxine is a synthetic form of thyroid hormone that helps restore thyroid hormone levels.
3. Myxedema symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance improve with thyroxine treatment.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A. Diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia are not directly related to thyroid hormone levels.
B. Hyperglycemia is not primarily treated with thyroxine.
D. Graves' disease is a thyroid disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism, which requires different treatments than hypothyroidism.
A 59-year-old man complains of nocturia, urinary frequency, and an inability to urinate forcefully and empty his bladder. Following a complete workup, he was diagnosed with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). We start daily therapy with tamsulosin. Which of the following is the most likely side effect the patient may experience from the tamsulosin, and about which he should be forewarned?
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Increased risk of statin-induced skeletal muscle pathology
- C. First dose hypotension
- D. Photophobia and other painful responses to bright lights
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: First dose hypotension. Tamsulosin is an alpha-1 blocker commonly used for BPH. It can cause orthostatic hypotension, especially after the first dose due to sudden vasodilation. This side effect is important to be forewarned about to prevent falls or accidents. Bradycardia (choice A) is not a common side effect of tamsulosin. Increased risk of statin-induced skeletal muscle pathology (choice B) is unrelated to tamsulosin. Photophobia and painful responses to bright lights (choice D) are not associated with tamsulosin use.
Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest __________.
- A. half-life
- B. activation time
- C. molecule
- D. chain of amino acids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: half-life. Water-soluble hormones have a shorter half-life compared to lipid-soluble hormones because they are quickly metabolized and excreted from the body. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Activation time is not directly related to the solubility of hormones.
C: The size of the hormone molecule doesn't determine its solubility in water.
D: The chain of amino acids may vary in different types of hormones, but it doesn't necessarily dictate their solubility.