Nokea
The nurse should observe the patient for symptoms of ketoacidosis when
- A. illnesses causing nausea and vomiting lead to bicarbonate loss with body fluids.
- B. glucose levels become so high that osmotic diuresis promotes fluid and electrolyte loss.
- C. an insulin deficit causes the body to metabolize large amounts of fatty acids rather than glucose for energy.
- D. the patient skips meals after taking insulin, leading to rapid metabolism of glucose and breakdown of fats for energy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ketoacidosis is caused by a lack of insulin, which leads to the body breaking down fats for energy, producing ketones that cause metabolic acidosis.
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A patient presents with tiredness, weakness, anorexia, apathy, abdominal pain, hyperpigmentation and postural hypertension. Upon infection he appears to be in cardiogenic shock and his blood volume is depleted. His sodium levels are low, potassium levels are high. Which of the following would also be elevated?
- A. TSH
- B. T4
- C. Adrenal hormone
- D. ACTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ACTH. In this scenario, the patient is exhibiting symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, specifically Addison's disease. ACTH levels would be elevated due to the lack of negative feedback from cortisol, which is typically low in adrenal insufficiency. TSH (A) and T4 (B) would be normal or low due to the hypofunction of the adrenal gland, not the thyroid. Adrenal hormones (C) would be low in adrenal insufficiency, not elevated.
What gland requires iodine in order to produce its hormones?
- A. Adrenal cortex
- B. Pancreas
- C. Parathyroid glands
- D. Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroid gland. The thyroid gland requires iodine to produce its hormones, such as thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which are essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine is a crucial component of these thyroid hormones. The other choices (A: Adrenal cortex, B: Pancreas, C: Parathyroid glands) do not require iodine for hormone production and are not involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is the thyroid gland because it specifically relies on iodine for hormone synthesis, making it the only gland in the list that fits this criteria.
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood?
- A. parathyroid hormone
- B. aldosterone
- C. calcitonin
- D. thyroid hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium release from bones, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. This hormone acts to elevate blood calcium levels when they are low.
B: Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels, not calcium.
C: Calcitonin is involved in lowering blood calcium levels by inhibiting the breakdown of bone tissue, but it is not the primary hormone responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood.
D: Thyroid hormone plays a role in metabolism regulation, growth, and development, but it is not directly involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood.
Propranolol produces all of the following actions EXCEPT:
- A. Negative inotropic effect
- B. Negative chronotropic effect
- C. Slowing of A-V conduction
- D. Bronchodilation in asthmatic patients
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker which primarily affects the heart. Bronchodilation is not a common effect of propranolol due to its non-selectivity for beta-2 receptors in the lungs. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are correct because propranolol typically causes negative inotropic effect (reduced force of heart contraction), negative chronotropic effect (slowing of heart rate), and slowing of A-V conduction (delay in electrical signal between atria and ventricles), respectively.
The relatively constant internal environment of the body is maintained by _______.
- A. negative feedback.
- B. positive feedback.
- C. homeostasis.
- D. metabolism.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various physiological mechanisms to regulate temperature, pH, blood sugar levels, and more. Negative feedback (choice A) is a key component of homeostasis, where the body reverses a deviation from the set point to restore balance. Positive feedback (choice B) amplifies a response and does not contribute to maintaining stability. Metabolism (choice D) is the sum of all chemical processes in the body and is necessary for homeostasis but does not directly regulate the internal environment.