Nokea
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
- A. estrogen
- B. epinephrine
- C. angiotensinogen
- D. renin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: epinephrine. During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the body activates the fight-or-flight response to cope with stress. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or danger. It increases heart rate, boosts energy, and enhances focus, preparing the body to either fight the stressor or flee from it. Estrogen (A) is a sex hormone, not involved in the fight-or-flight response. Angiotensinogen (C) and renin (D) are part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulating blood pressure and fluid balance, not directly related to the fight-or-flight response.
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Mr. Johnson received his first dose of Lente insulin at 7:30 A.M. When should he be observed for signs of hypoglycemia?
- A. 10-11 A.M.
- B. 4-6 P.M.
- C. Between 2 A.M. and breakfast
- D. Immediately after the injection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lente insulin has an onset of action that typically peaks 4-6 hours after injection, so this is when signs of hypoglycemia are most likely to occur.
A patient with SIADH is treated with water restriction. What does the patient experience when the nurse determines that treatment has been effective?
- A. Increased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
- B. Increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- C. Decreased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- D. Decreased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Effective water restriction in SIADH leads to increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and a decrease in urine specific gravity due to dehydration correction.
Hypocalcemic tetany:
- A. is a consequence of a deficiency of calcitonin.
- B. is caused by a lack of TSH.
- C. is caused by osteoclastic activity.
- D. develops in response to a deficiency of parathyroid activity.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypocalcemic tetany results from low blood calcium levels.
2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels by increasing calcium release from bones and reabsorption in the kidneys.
3. A deficiency in parathyroid activity leads to decreased calcium levels, causing tetany.
4. Choice D is correct as it directly links hypocalcemic tetany to parathyroid dysfunction.
Summary:
A: Incorrect, calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.
B: Incorrect, TSH regulates thyroid function, not calcium levels.
C: Incorrect, osteoclasts break down bone tissue but are not directly related to hypocalcemic tetany.
Carbohydrate absorption:
- A. all glucose, galactose and fructose is co-transported with Na by the SGLT-2 transporter into enterocytes
- B. all glucose/galactose and fructose is transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2
- C. fructose absorption is a secondary active transport mechanism
- D. absorption is decreased by insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because glucose, galactose, and fructose are transported across the basolateral membrane by the GLUT2 transporter. This occurs after they are absorbed into enterocytes through various transport mechanisms. Choice A is incorrect because SGLT-2 transporter is responsible for glucose and galactose absorption, not fructose. Choice C is incorrect as fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport. Choice D is incorrect because insulin actually increases carbohydrate absorption by upregulating GLUT2 expression.
The secretion of this gland enhances a sympathetic response.
- A. Adrenal medulla
- B. Pancreas
- C. Adrenal cortex
- D. Parathyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are hormones that enhance the sympathetic response of the body. This response includes increased heart rate, dilation of airways, and increased blood flow to muscles. The other choices, B: Pancreas, C: Adrenal cortex, and D: Parathyroid, do not directly enhance sympathetic responses. The pancreas regulates blood sugar levels, the adrenal cortex produces cortisol and aldosterone, and the parathyroid regulates calcium levels. Therefore, only the adrenal medulla directly contributes to the sympathetic response, making it the correct choice.