Nokea
The main mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _____.
- A. cortisol.
- B. glucagon.
- C. epinephrine.
- D. aldosterone.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: aldosterone. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, responsible for regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure. It acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Cortisol (A) is a glucocorticoid, not a mineralocorticoid. Glucagon (B) is a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels. Epinephrine (C) is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla involved in the fight-or-flight response, not a mineralocorticoid. Therefore, the correct answer is aldosterone (D) due to its specific role in mineral balance regulation.
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A patient presents with tiredness, weakness, anorexia, apathy, abdominal pain, hyperpigmentation and postural hypertension. Upon infection he appears to be in cardiogenic shock and his blood volume is depleted. His sodium levels are low, potassium levels are high. Which of the following would also be elevated?
- A. TSH
- B. T4
- C. Adrenal hormone
- D. ACTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ACTH. In this scenario, the patient is exhibiting symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, specifically Addison's disease. ACTH levels would be elevated due to the lack of negative feedback from cortisol, which is typically low in adrenal insufficiency. TSH (A) and T4 (B) would be normal or low due to the hypofunction of the adrenal gland, not the thyroid. Adrenal hormones (C) would be low in adrenal insufficiency, not elevated.
Which of the following is true of female sex hormones?
- A. Progesterone is responsible for female secondary sex characteristics.
- B. Estrogen is necessary for maturation of the ovum.
- C. Estrogen does not aid in breast development.
- D. Progesterone helps the uterus to grow.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because estrogen is indeed necessary for the maturation of the ovum. Estrogen promotes the development and release of the egg from the ovary during the menstrual cycle. This hormone is crucial for the growth of the follicles in the ovary and prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy.
Rationale:
A: Progesterone is responsible for maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy, not for female secondary sex characteristics.
C: Estrogen plays a significant role in breast development, so this statement is incorrect.
D: Progesterone helps to prepare the uterus for pregnancy by promoting the growth of the uterine lining, not the uterus itself.
Verapamil is a drug used for treating hypertension. It should be used with caution with other drugs that can depress heart rate or contractility. Which drug, if given with verapamil, might therefore cause the greatest risk of depressing heart rate, contractile force, or impulse conduction?
- A. Albuterol
- B. Scopolamine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Isoproterenol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Propranolol. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that can depress heart rate and contractility. Propranolol is a beta-blocker that also decreases heart rate and contractile force. When combined, both drugs can have an additive effect leading to a significant decrease in heart rate and contractility, potentially causing bradycardia or heart failure.
Albuterol (A) is a beta-2 agonist that actually increases heart rate and contractility. Scopolamine (B) is an anticholinergic drug that may decrease heart rate, but its effect is not as significant as propranolol. Isoproterenol (D) is a beta agonist that increases heart rate and contractility, so its combination with verapamil would not pose the same risk as propranolol.
Chemical signals that affect the behavior of other glands and tissues are _____.
- A. enzymes.
- B. hormones.
- C. carbohydrates.
- D. metabolites.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: hormones. Hormones are chemical signals produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to affect the behavior of other glands and tissues. Enzymes (choice A) are catalysts for chemical reactions, not signaling molecules. Carbohydrates (choice C) are energy sources and structural components, not signaling molecules. Metabolites (choice D) are the byproducts of metabolism, not signaling molecules. Hormones are specifically designed to regulate physiological processes in the body by acting on target cells, making them the most fitting choice among the options provided.
A nurse teaches an older woman who has a decreased production of estrogen. Which statement would the nurse include in this client’s teaching to decrease injury?
- A. Drink at least 2 quarts (2 L) of fluids each day.
- B. Walk around the neighborhood for daily exercise.
- C. Bathe your perineal area twice a day.
- D. You should check your blood glucose before meals.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Daily exercise, such as walking, helps improve bone density and strength, reducing the risk of falls and fractures in older women with decreased estrogen production. Walking also helps maintain muscle strength and balance.
A: Drinking fluids is important for overall health but does not directly address decreasing injury in this scenario.
C: Bathing the perineal area twice a day is important for hygiene but does not specifically address decreasing injury.
D: Checking blood glucose levels is important for diabetes management but is not directly related to decreasing injury in this case.