Nokea
Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest __________.
- A. half-life
- B. activation time
- C. molecule
- D. chain of amino acids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: half-life. Water-soluble hormones have a shorter half-life compared to lipid-soluble hormones because they are quickly metabolized and excreted from the body. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Activation time is not directly related to the solubility of hormones.
C: The size of the hormone molecule doesn't determine its solubility in water.
D: The chain of amino acids may vary in different types of hormones, but it doesn't necessarily dictate their solubility.
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Which row shows active transport?
- A. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- B. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- C. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- D. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because active transport involves the movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration, which goes against the natural flow of diffusion and requires energy input. In active transport, cells use ATP to pump substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. This process allows cells to accumulate essential molecules or ions that are needed in higher concentrations inside the cell. Choices A, B, and D all describe passive transport processes where particles move with the concentration gradient and do not require energy input.
The “melting of flesh into urine,†an old-timey name, is most descriptive of untreated:
- A. diabetes mellitus.
- B. Addison’s disease.
- C. diabetes insipidus.
- D. Cushing syndrome.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: diabetes mellitus. This term describes the breakdown of body tissues for energy due to lack of insulin, leading to the production of ketones in the urine. In diabetes mellitus, the body cannot use glucose properly, causing the breakdown of fats and proteins. Addison's disease (B) involves adrenal insufficiency, not tissue breakdown. Diabetes insipidus (C) is a disorder of water balance, not tissue breakdown. Cushing syndrome (D) is characterized by excess cortisol production, not tissue breakdown into urine.
Which of the following statements is true?
- A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease.
- C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
- D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone leads to sterility in both males and females.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Choice A:
1. The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
2. These hormones are transported via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to the posterior pituitary for storage.
3. When needed, the posterior pituitary releases these hormones into the bloodstream.
4. Oxytocin is involved in labor and milk ejection, while ADH regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Summary of other Choices:
B. Incorrect - ADH, when released, causes urine volume to decrease and blood volume to increase by increasing water reabsorption.
C. Incorrect - Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates progesterone production but is released by the anterior pituitary, not the hypothalamus.
D. Incorrect - Hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to infertility, not necessarily sterility, and the effects differ between males and females.
The nurse has identified the nursing diagnosis of fatigue for a patient who is hypothyroid. What should the nurse do while caring for this patient?
- A. Monitor for changes in orientation, cognition, and behavior.
- B. Monitor for vital signs and cardiac rhythm response to activity.
- C. Monitor bowel movement frequency, consistency, shape, volume, and color.
- D. Assist in developing well-balanced meal plans consistent with level of energy expenditure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypothyroid patients often experience fatigue due to a slowed metabolic rate, so it's essential to monitor vital signs and cardiac response to physical activity to assess for complications.
The nurse should observe the patient for symptoms of ketoacidosis when
- A. illnesses causing nausea and vomiting lead to bicarbonate loss with body fluids.
- B. glucose levels become so high that osmotic diuresis promotes fluid and electrolyte loss.
- C. an insulin deficit causes the body to metabolize large amounts of fatty acids rather than glucose for energy.
- D. the patient skips meals after taking insulin, leading to rapid metabolism of glucose and breakdown of fats for energy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ketoacidosis is caused by a lack of insulin, which leads to the body breaking down fats for energy, producing ketones that cause metabolic acidosis.