Nokea
T3, T4, and calcitonin are:
- A. secreted by the thyroid gland.
- B. secreted by the parathyroid glands.
- C. secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.
- D. steroids.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. T3, T4, and calcitonin are hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.
2. Thyroid gland is responsible for producing and releasing these hormones.
3. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels.
4. Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, not T3, T4, or calcitonin.
5. These hormones are not secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.
6. T3, T4, and calcitonin are not steroids, they are peptide hormones.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
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Lispro insulin (Humalog) with NPH insulin is ordered for a patient with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The nurse knows that when lispro insulin is used, when should it be administered?
- A. Only once a day
- B. 1 hour before meals
- C. 30 to 45 minutes before meals
- D. At mealtime or within 15 minutes of meals
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lispro insulin should be administered at mealtime or within 15 minutes of meals for optimal effect.
What is the formula of aluminium sulfate?
- A. Al2(SO4)3
- B. Al2(SO3)4
- C. Al4(SO4)2
- D. Al4(SO3)2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct formula for aluminium sulfate is Al2(SO4)3. This is because aluminium has a 3+ charge while sulfate has a 2- charge, requiring two aluminium ions to balance three sulfate ions. Choice B (Al2(SO3)4) is incorrect because sulfate ions have a 2- charge, not sulfite ions (SO3). Choices C (Al4(SO4)2) and D (Al4(SO3)2) have incorrect subscripts for the elements, not following the correct charge balance.
Chief cells secrete:
- A. HCl
- B. pepsinogen
- C. intrinsic factor
- D. HCO3-
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is the inactive precursor of pepsin, an enzyme that helps break down proteins. This is the correct answer because pepsinogen is the primary product secreted by chief cells. HCl is secreted by parietal cells, intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells in the stomach, and HCO3- is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.
In its action in cells, aldosterone
- A. increases transport of ENaCs from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
- B. does not act on the cell membrane
- C. binds to a receptor excluded from the nucleus
- D. may activate a heat shock protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because aldosterone increases the transport of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. This process leads to enhanced sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water retention and increasing blood pressure. Choices B and C are incorrect as aldosterone does act on the cell membrane and binds to a receptor located in the cytoplasm, which then translocates to the nucleus. Choice D is incorrect as aldosterone does not directly activate heat shock proteins.
Which one of the following hormones is secreted by neurones?
- A. Insulin
- B. Oxytocin
- C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
- D. Cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oxytocin. Neurones secrete oxytocin, a hormone involved in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Neurones release oxytocin from the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Insulin is secreted by pancreatic cells, not neurones. Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, and cortisol is released by the adrenal glands. Therefore, the correct answer is oxytocin as it is the hormone secreted by neurones.