Nokea
Chief cells secrete:
- A. HCl
- B. pepsinogen
- C. intrinsic factor
- D. HCO3-
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is the inactive precursor of pepsin, an enzyme that helps break down proteins. This is the correct answer because pepsinogen is the primary product secreted by chief cells. HCl is secreted by parietal cells, intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells in the stomach, and HCO3- is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.
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Which of these hormones is made by the posterior pituitary?
- A. FSH
- B. LH
- C. ACTH
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone). ADH is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and regulates water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to reduce urine output. FSH, LH, and ACTH are produced by the anterior pituitary gland and have different functions related to reproductive health and stress response. The key to this question is knowing the specific hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland, making D the correct choice.
Hormones help balance the body’s reactions differently than nerve impulses in that:
- A. the reactions take longer to occur.
- B. hormones can target specific target cells found somewhere else in the body.
- C. the reactions can last much longer.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Hormones balance the body's reactions differently than nerve impulses because:
- A: Hormonal responses are slower compared to nerve impulses due to the time it takes for hormones to travel through the bloodstream.
- B: Hormones can target specific target cells located in different parts of the body, making their effects more targeted and widespread.
- C: Hormonal effects can last longer than the quick, temporary effects of nerve impulses, contributing to sustained physiological changes. Therefore, D encompasses all these aspects, highlighting how hormones differ from nerve impulses.
Muscarinic agonist used for atonic bowel or bladder:
- A. Clonidine
- B. Chlorpromazine
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Ephedrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Certainly! Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist that specifically targets the bladder and bowel smooth muscles, improving their tone and contractility. It is used for conditions like atonic bowel or bladder dysfunction. Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic, and Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine used for decongestion and bronchodilation. These medications do not have the same mechanism of action or target as Bethanechol and are not indicated for atonic bowel or bladder issues.
What is the formula of aluminium sulfate?
- A. Al2(SO4)3
- B. Al2(SO3)4
- C. Al4(SO4)2
- D. Al4(SO3)2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct formula for aluminium sulfate is Al2(SO4)3. This is because aluminium has a 3+ charge while sulfate has a 2- charge, requiring two aluminium ions to balance three sulfate ions. Choice B (Al2(SO3)4) is incorrect because sulfate ions have a 2- charge, not sulfite ions (SO3). Choices C (Al4(SO4)2) and D (Al4(SO3)2) have incorrect subscripts for the elements, not following the correct charge balance.
A 59-year-old man complains of nocturia, urinary frequency, and an inability to urinate forcefully and empty his bladder. Following a complete workup, he was diagnosed with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). We start daily therapy with tamsulosin. Which of the following is the most likely side effect the patient may experience from the tamsulosin, and about which he should be forewarned?
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Increased risk of statin-induced skeletal muscle pathology
- C. First dose hypotension
- D. Photophobia and other painful responses to bright lights
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: First dose hypotension. Tamsulosin is an alpha-1 blocker commonly used for BPH. It can cause orthostatic hypotension, especially after the first dose due to sudden vasodilation. This side effect is important to be forewarned about to prevent falls or accidents. Bradycardia (choice A) is not a common side effect of tamsulosin. Increased risk of statin-induced skeletal muscle pathology (choice B) is unrelated to tamsulosin. Photophobia and painful responses to bright lights (choice D) are not associated with tamsulosin use.