Nokea
All the following adverse effects can be produced by beta-blockers EXCEPT:
- A. Hypotension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Bronchodilation
- D. Heart block
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bronchodilation. Beta-blockers primarily work by blocking the beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to a decrease in heart rate and contractility. This can result in adverse effects such as hypotension, heart failure, and heart block due to the reduced cardiac output. However, bronchodilation is not a typical adverse effect of beta-blockers. In fact, beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction in patients with underlying respiratory conditions like asthma, making choice C the correct answer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because hypotension, heart failure, and heart block are known adverse effects associated with beta-blockers due to their mechanism of action on the cardiovascular system.
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Lispro insulin (Humalog) with NPH insulin is ordered for a patient with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The nurse knows that when lispro insulin is used, when should it be administered?
- A. Only once a day
- B. 1 hour before meals
- C. 30 to 45 minutes before meals
- D. At mealtime or within 15 minutes of meals
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lispro insulin should be administered at mealtime or within 15 minutes of meals for optimal effect.
What is the most critical need for the child with newly diagnosed cretinism?
- A. Thyroidectomy
- B. Administration of a radioactive cocktail of 131I (radioactive iodine)
- C. Replacement dose of thyroid hormones
- D. Replacement dose of calcitonin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Replacement dose of thyroid hormones. In newly diagnosed cretinism, there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, leading to developmental delays and other health issues. Administering replacement thyroid hormones is crucial to normalize hormone levels and support proper growth and development. Thyroidectomy (choice A) is not necessary in this case as the goal is to supplement the missing hormones. Option B, the administration of radioactive iodine cocktail, is used to treat hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Choice D, replacement dose of calcitonin, is not relevant as calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation, not thyroid hormone production. Thus, the most critical need for the child with newly diagnosed cretinism is the replacement dose of thyroid hormones to address the underlying hormonal deficiency.
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
- A. estrogen
- B. epinephrine
- C. angiotensinogen
- D. renin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: epinephrine. During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the body activates the fight-or-flight response to cope with stress. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or danger. It increases heart rate, boosts energy, and enhances focus, preparing the body to either fight the stressor or flee from it. Estrogen (A) is a sex hormone, not involved in the fight-or-flight response. Angiotensinogen (C) and renin (D) are part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulating blood pressure and fluid balance, not directly related to the fight-or-flight response.
A nurse is teaching a client regarding a hormone that is released by beta islet cells in the pancreas. Which hormone is it?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Glucagon
- C. Insulin
- D. Parathormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas and helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
What is the origin of accessory pancreatic duct?
- A. Distal part of dorsal pancreatic bud
- B. Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic bud
- C. The distal part of ventral pancreatic bud
- D. The proximal part of ventral pancreatic bud
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic bud. The accessory pancreatic duct originates from the dorsal pancreatic bud during embryonic development. This is because the dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to the body and tail of the pancreas, which includes the accessory pancreatic duct. The proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud specifically gives rise to the proximal part of the accessory pancreatic duct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they refer to the distal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud, the distal part of the ventral pancreatic bud, and the proximal part of the ventral pancreatic bud, respectively, which are not associated with the origin of the accessory pancreatic duct.