Nokea
Hypocalcemic tetany:
- A. is a consequence of a deficiency of calcitonin.
- B. is caused by a lack of TSH.
- C. is caused by osteoclastic activity.
- D. develops in response to a deficiency of parathyroid activity.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypocalcemic tetany results from low blood calcium levels.
2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels by increasing calcium release from bones and reabsorption in the kidneys.
3. A deficiency in parathyroid activity leads to decreased calcium levels, causing tetany.
4. Choice D is correct as it directly links hypocalcemic tetany to parathyroid dysfunction.
Summary:
A: Incorrect, calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.
B: Incorrect, TSH regulates thyroid function, not calcium levels.
C: Incorrect, osteoclasts break down bone tissue but are not directly related to hypocalcemic tetany.
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In its action in cells, aldosterone
- A. increases transport of ENaCs from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
- B. does not act on the cell membrane
- C. binds to a receptor excluded from the nucleus
- D. may activate a heat shock protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because aldosterone increases the transport of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. This process leads to enhanced sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water retention and increasing blood pressure. Choices B and C are incorrect as aldosterone does act on the cell membrane and binds to a receptor located in the cytoplasm, which then translocates to the nucleus. Choice D is incorrect as aldosterone does not directly activate heat shock proteins.
All the following adverse effects can be produced by beta-blockers EXCEPT:
- A. Hypotension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Bronchodilation
- D. Heart block
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bronchodilation. Beta-blockers primarily work by blocking the beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to a decrease in heart rate and contractility. This can result in adverse effects such as hypotension, heart failure, and heart block due to the reduced cardiac output. However, bronchodilation is not a typical adverse effect of beta-blockers. In fact, beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction in patients with underlying respiratory conditions like asthma, making choice C the correct answer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because hypotension, heart failure, and heart block are known adverse effects associated with beta-blockers due to their mechanism of action on the cardiovascular system.
Which of the following is true of female sex hormones?
- A. Progesterone is responsible for female secondary sex characteristics.
- B. Estrogen is necessary for maturation of the ovum.
- C. Estrogen does not aid in breast development.
- D. Progesterone helps the uterus to grow.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because estrogen is indeed necessary for the maturation of the ovum. Estrogen promotes the development and release of the egg from the ovary during the menstrual cycle. This hormone is crucial for the growth of the follicles in the ovary and prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy.
Rationale:
A: Progesterone is responsible for maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy, not for female secondary sex characteristics.
C: Estrogen plays a significant role in breast development, so this statement is incorrect.
D: Progesterone helps to prepare the uterus for pregnancy by promoting the growth of the uterine lining, not the uterus itself.
Elderly people are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes due to the decline in production.
- A. estrogen
- B. thyroid hormone
- C. follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: insulin. Elderly individuals are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes due to a decrease in insulin production by the pancreas and decreased sensitivity to insulin in tissues. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production. A decline in insulin production or sensitivity can lead to elevated blood sugar levels, contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes. Estrogen (choice A), thyroid hormone (choice B), and follicle-stimulating hormone (choice C) do not directly impact insulin production or sensitivity in the context of type 2 diabetes development in elderly individuals.
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood?
- A. parathyroid hormone
- B. aldosterone
- C. calcitonin
- D. thyroid hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium release from bones, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. This hormone acts to elevate blood calcium levels when they are low.
B: Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels, not calcium.
C: Calcitonin is involved in lowering blood calcium levels by inhibiting the breakdown of bone tissue, but it is not the primary hormone responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood.
D: Thyroid hormone plays a role in metabolism regulation, growth, and development, but it is not directly involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood.