Nokea
Muscle tone is reduced by:
- A. lower motor neurone lesion
- B. curare
- C. cerebellar lesion
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Muscle tone is reduced by lower motor neuron lesions (flaccidity), curare (which blocks neuromuscular transmission), and cerebellar lesions (hypotonia). All these conditions lead to decreased muscle tone.
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The nervous system is the centre of all mental activity including all the following except ________.
- A. thinking
- B. learning
- C. digesting
- D. memory
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nervous system is responsible for mental activities such as thinking, learning, and memory. However, digesting is a function of the digestive system, not the nervous system. While the nervous system does regulate digestion through the autonomic nervous system, the act of digestion itself is not considered a mental activity. Therefore, digesting is the correct answer as it is not a direct function of the nervous system's mental processes.
Which of the following practices would delay the decline in muscle strength and bone mass in older adults?
- A. Maintaining an adequate calcium intake
- B. Maintaining an active lifestyle
- C. Maintaining a low-activity lifestyle after the age of 35
- D. Reducing the calcium intake after the age of 60
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An active lifestyle helps maintain muscle strength and bone mass.
Where would you see the nodes of Ranvier?
- A. on an axon
- B. in the cell body
- C. on a dendrite
- D. a and c
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nodes of Ranvier are small gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon of a neuron. They play a critical role in the rapid conduction of electrical signals, as the action potential 'jumps' from one node to the next in a process called saltatory conduction. This increases the speed and efficiency of neural communication. Nodes of Ranvier are essential for proper nerve function and are found exclusively on axons.
The presence of Laseuge sign suggests damage to the following:
- A. meninges of the brain
- B. spinal roots C5-C8 or radial nerve
- C. spinal roots L5-S1 or sciatic nerve
- D. anterior horns at the level L5-S1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Spinal roots L5-S1 or sciatic nerve is the correct answer because Lasegue's sign, also known as the straight leg raise test, is used to diagnose sciatica or lumbar radiculopathy. Pain elicited during this test indicates irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve or its roots, typically due to a herniated disc.
Your 30-year-old male reports difficulty maintaining balance and coordination for the past three weeks. He denies headache, blurred vision, or change in the level of consciousness. You perform a Romberg test to assess cerebellar function. Your patient should:
- A. Maintain balance if standing with feet together with eyes open and eyes closed
- B. Maintain balance if sitting with eyes closed
- C. Maintain balance if standing with feet separated and eyes closed
- D. Maintain balance if sitting with eyes open
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Romberg test assesses cerebellar function and proprioception. A patient with normal cerebellar function should maintain balance with feet together and eyes open or closed. Loss of balance with eyes closed suggests a proprioceptive deficit.