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Priority Decision: An immediate prosthetic fitting during surgery is used for a patient with a traumatic below-the-knee amputation. During the immediate postoperative period, what is a priority nursing intervention?
- A. Monitor the patient's vital signs.
- B. Assess the incision for hemorrhage.
- C. Elevate the residual limb on pillows.
- D. Have the patient flex and extend the knee every hour.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hemorrhage is a critical concern post-amputation.
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The central nervous system is made up of
- A. sensory organs and muscles.
- B. the brain and muscles.
- C. the sensory organs and spinal cord.
- D. the brain and spinal column.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: the brain and spinal column. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body. The brain controls cognitive functions and coordinates movement, while the spinal cord serves as a pathway for nerve signals.
Explanation:
1. The brain is the primary organ for processing information and controlling bodily functions.
2. The spinal cord acts as a conduit for nerve signals to travel between the brain and the rest of the body.
3. Together, the brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, playing a crucial role in overall body function.
Summary of other choices:
A: Sensory organs and muscles do not constitute the central nervous system. Sensory organs detect stimuli, while muscles are part of the peripheral nervous system.
B: The brain and muscles are not the only components of the central nervous system. The spinal cord is also a crucial part.
C: While the sensory organs and spinal cord are components of the nervous system
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are housed in the:
- A. diencephalon
- B. hypothalamus
- C. brain stem
- D. pineal gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are parts of the brain stem, which controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The diencephalon, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and cerebellum are separate structures. Therefore, C is the correct answer.
What are the two major physical changes in the brain that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?
- A. aluminum deposition and edema
- B. amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
- C. amyloid plaques and hypertrophy
- D. calcification and hypertrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques (abnormal protein deposits) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers of tau protein) in the brain. These changes disrupt neuronal communication and lead to cognitive decline.
Which of the following practices would delay the decline in muscle strength and bone mass in older adults?
- A. Maintaining an adequate calcium intake
- B. Maintaining an active lifestyle
- C. Maintaining a low-activity lifestyle after the age of 35
- D. Reducing the calcium intake after the age of 60
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An active lifestyle helps maintain muscle strength and bone mass.
What functions does the thalamus have?
- A. Registers auditory input
- B. Integrates past experiences
- C. Relays sensory and motor input to and from the cerebrum
- D. Controls and facilitates learned and automatic movements
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory and motor inputs to the cerebrum.