Nokea
Neonatal injury to nerve roots C8 & T1 causes one of the following
- A. Klumpke’s palsy
- B. Erb’s palsy
- C. Phrenic injury
- D. Radial palsy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neonatal injury to nerve roots C8 & T1 leads to Klumpke's palsy due to damage to the lower brachial plexus. This results in weakness of the hand and forearm muscles. Erb's palsy is from injury to C5-C6 roots causing upper brachial plexus damage. Phrenic injury affects the diaphragm due to C3-C5 roots. Radial palsy involves the radial nerve, typically from injury at the spiral groove of the humerus. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it directly correlates with the specific nerve roots affected in Klumpke's palsy.
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Which of the following is NOT a source of pain in labour?
- A. Uterine contractions
- B. Socio-cultural norms
- C. Cervical dilatation
- D. Pelvic floor stretching
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Uterine contractions are a physiological process in labor causing pain due to muscle contractions.
Step 2: Cervical dilatation involves the opening of the cervix, which can cause pain and discomfort.
Step 3: Pelvic floor stretching occurs as the baby moves through the birth canal, leading to pain.
Step 4: Socio-cultural norms do not directly cause physical pain in labor, making choice B the correct answer. Other choices directly relate to physical processes causing pain.
The fetal head retracting against the perineum is a
- A. Gaskin sign
- B. Turtle sign
- C. Klumpke sign
- D. Chignon sign
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Turtle sign. This occurs when the fetal head retracts against the perineum during delivery, resembling a turtle retracting into its shell. This indicates fetal shoulder dystocia, a serious complication. Gaskin sign (A) refers to the position of the mother during labor. Klumpke sign (C) is related to brachial plexus injuries during delivery. Chignon sign (D) is not a recognized term in obstetrics.
Inability to eat or retain feeds throughout the day prenatally is highly associated with
- A. Weight gain control
- B. Hyperemesis gravidarum
- C. Morning sickness
- D. Presence of preeclampsia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyperemesis gravidarum. This condition is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, leading to inability to eat or retain feeds. It is associated with significant weight loss and dehydration. Other choices are incorrect because:
A: Weight gain control is not the primary concern when hyperemesis gravidarum is present.
C: Morning sickness typically does not cause severe inability to eat or retain feeds.
D: Preeclampsia is a separate condition characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage, not directly related to feeding difficulties.
Incidental antepartum haemorrhage is also referred to as
- A. Intraplacental haemorrhage
- B. Intrapartum haemorrhage
- C. Extraplacental haemorrhage
- D. Preterm haemorrhage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Extraplacental haemorrhage. Incidental antepartum haemorrhage refers to bleeding occurring outside the placenta, such as from the cervix or vaginal walls, before the onset of labor. This is not associated with the placenta itself (intraplacental - choice A). Similarly, it does not occur during labor (intrapartum - choice B) or specifically before term (preterm - choice D). Extraplacental haemorrhage captures the essence of bleeding unrelated to the placenta during the antepartum period.
The main feature in the initial stage of shock is
- A. Cyanosis
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Sweat beads
- D. Hypotension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tachycardia. In the initial stage of shock, the body tries to compensate for decreased perfusion by increasing heart rate to maintain blood flow to vital organs. Cyanosis (A) is a late sign of shock due to inadequate oxygenation. Sweat beads (C) are a non-specific response and not a defining feature of shock. Hypotension (D) typically occurs in the later stages of shock as the body's compensatory mechanisms start to fail. Tachycardia is the earliest and most consistent sign of shock, reflecting the body's attempt to maintain cardiac output.