LPN Nursing Fundamentals

LPN Nursing Fundamentals Related

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Neonate of diabetic mother is at risk for all of the following except:

  • A. Hypoglycemia
  • B. Hypocalcemia
  • C. Hyperglycemia
  • D. Hyperbilirubinemia
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Neonates of diabetic mothers (NDM) face metabolic challenges due to maternal hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia (choice A) occurs because fetal hyperinsulinemia, triggered by high maternal glucose, persists after birth when glucose supply drops. Hypocalcemia (choice B) arises from delayed parathyroid hormone response, common in NDMs. Hyperglycemia (choice C) is less likely postnatally; it's a maternal issue, not a neonatal risk, as the infant's insulin levels typically normalize glucose after delivery. Hyperbilirubinemia (choice D) results from increased red blood cell breakdown, often linked to polycythemia in NDMs. Choice C is correct because hyperglycemia is not a typical risk after birth; instead, hypoglycemia dominates due to insulin excess. Nurses must monitor blood glucose closely in the first hours, provide calcium if needed, and watch for jaundice, ensuring timely management of these interconnected risks to prevent seizures, bone issues, or kernicterus.

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Which of the following communication skill is most effective in dealing with covert communication?

  • A. Validation
  • B. Listening
  • C. Evaluation
  • D. Clarification
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Listening (B) is most effective for covert communication hidden feelings per Rogers, detecting subtle cues. Validation (A) confirms, evaluation (C) judges, clarification (D) seeks overt meaning. Listening uncovers the unspoken, making it correct.

Critical thinking is an active organized cognitive process used to carefully examine one's thinking. It allows the nurse to

  • A. Direct the assessment in a meaningful and purposeful way
  • B. Review assessment with other health care providers
  • C. Determination of the nursing care delivered
  • D. Indentifies anticipated client responses to illness
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Critical thinking directs assessment purposefully e.g., probing fatigue to link it to anemia ensuring data collection is focused and relevant. This active process analyzes, synthesizes, and prioritizes, enhancing care planning. Reviewing with providers follows assessment, not its direction. Determining care is planning/implementation, not assessment's role. Identifying responses fits evaluation, not initial data-gathering. Critical thinking's role in steering assessment ensures efficiency and depth, making it the key way nurses apply this cognitive skill in practice.

According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized person?

  • A. Makes decision contrary to public opinion
  • B. Do not predict events
  • C. Self centered
  • D. Maximum degree of self conflict
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Maslow's self-actualized individual (1940s) decides independently e.g., rejecting popular trends for personal ethics. They predict events (insightful), aren't self-centered (altruistic), and minimize conflict through clarity. Nurses encourage this autonomy e.g., supporting a patient's unconventional treatment choice enhancing self-directed health decisions.

A client has a new diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and is being taught about dietary management. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

  • A. You should increase your intake of iodine-rich foods.
  • B. You should avoid foods that contain iodine.
  • C. You should increase your intake of dairy products.
  • D. You should avoid foods that contain gluten.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. In hyperthyroidism, it is advisable to avoid foods that contain iodine to help manage the condition and prevent complications. Excessive iodine intake can exacerbate hyperthyroidism symptoms by stimulating the thyroid gland. Therefore, the nurse should include information about avoiding iodine-rich foods in the client's dietary management teaching. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because increasing intake of iodine-rich foods can worsen hyperthyroidism symptoms, increasing dairy products is not specific to managing hyperthyroidism, and avoiding gluten is more relevant for conditions like celiac disease, not hyperthyroidism.

Which of the following is responsible for the rhythm and quality of breathing?

  • A. Medulla oblongata
  • B. Pons
  • C. Carotid bodies
  • D. Aortic bodies
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The medulla's respiratory center sets rhythm and depth e.g., 12-20 breaths/min via dorsal/ventral groups. Pons refines, carotid/aortic adjust via chemo input. Nurses assess this e.g., COPD for function, per neurophysiology.

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