Nokea
Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of which of the following disorders?
- A. Dyslipidaemia
- B. Hypertension
- C. Cancer
- D. All disorders mentioned above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Obesity hauls dyslipidaemia, hypertension, cancer fat's a triple threat, no dodge. Nurses see this, a chronic disease bundle.
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The best way to prevent chronic complications of diabetes is to:
- A. Take medications as prescribed and remove sugar from the diet completely.
- B. Check feet daily for cuts, long toe nails and infections between the toes.
- C. Maintain a BGL that is as close to normal as possible.
- D. Undertake daily exercise to burn up the excess glucose in the system.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Preventing diabetes complications (e.g., neuropathy, retinopathy) hinges on glycemic control. Medications and sugar elimination help, but total sugar removal is impractical carbohydrates are broader, and control, not absence, matters. Daily foot checks prevent ulcers but address consequences, not root causes. Maintaining blood glucose levels (BGL) near normal (e.g., HbA1c <7%) via diet, exercise, and drugs prevents microvascular (kidney, eye) and macrovascular (heart) damage, per ADA guidelines. Exercise burns glucose, aiding control, but isn't singularly best' it's part of a triad. Tight BGL management reduces oxidative stress, glycation, and vascular injury, evidenced by trials (e.g., DCCT), making it the cornerstone strategy over isolated tactics, ensuring long-term organ protection.
A client hospitalized for chemotherapy has a hemoglobin of $6.1 mg/dL. What medication should the nurse prepare to administer?
- A. Epoetin alfa (Epogen)
- B. Filgrastim (Neupogen)
- C. Mesna (Mesnex)
- D. Oprelvekin (Neumega)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A hemoglobin of 6.1 mg/dL (normal 12-16 g/dL for women, 13-18 g/dL for men) indicates severe anemia, often from chemotherapy suppressing bone marrow red cell production. The nurse should prepare epoetin alfa (Epogen), a synthetic erythropoietin that stimulates red blood cell production, addressing anemia directly. Filgrastim (Neupogen) boosts white cells for neutropenia, not hemoglobin. Mesna (Mesnex) protects the bladder from chemotherapy toxicity, irrelevant here. Oprelvekin (Neumega) increases platelets, not red cells. Administering epoetin alfa corrects the anemia, improving oxygen delivery and reducing symptoms like fatigue and dyspnea, a critical intervention in oncology to support the client's recovery and quality of life during treatment.
Cardiac catheterisation (angiography) is performed to assess blood flow through the coronary arteries through use of a contrast agent and radiographic imaging. The nursing responsibilities in caring for the patient post angiography do not include:
- A. Applying pressure and observing the insertion site for bleeding or haematoma formation
- B. Informing the patient of the findings of the angiogram to allay fear and provide reassurance
- C. Monitor for arrhythmias by both cardiac monitoring and assessing apical or peripheral pulses
- D. Encourage fluids to increase urinary output and flush out the dye
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Post-angio, nurses press sites, watch rhythms, flush dye hands-on musts. Telling results? Docs' turf nurses soothe, don't spill, a chronic care line.
A nurse sets an infusion pump to infuse 1 L of D5NS at the rate of $100 \mathrm{~mL} / \mathrm{hr}$. How many hours will it take to complete the infusion?
- A. 8
- B. 10
- C. 12
- D. 14
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Math rules IV timing 1 L (1000 mL) at 100 mL/hr divides to 10 hours, a straightforward calc nurses nail for fluid planning. Missteps like 8 or 12 flub the rate; 14's way off. Precision here ensures hydration or med delivery hits the mark, a basic skill keeping care on track.
The nurse teaches a postmenopausal patient with stage III breast cancer about the expected outcomes of cancer treatment. Which patient statement indicates that the teaching has been effective?
- A. After cancer has not recurred for 5 years, it is considered cured.
- B. The cancer will be cured if the entire tumor is surgically removed.
- C. I will need follow-up examinations for many years after treatment before I can be considered cured.
- D. Cancer is never cured, but the tumor can be controlled with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage III breast cancer's advanced local spread means long-term vigilance, not a quick cured' label. Five years recurrence-free is a milestone, but not universal some hit sooner, others never. Surgery alone won't cut it; chemo and radiation tag-team it. Never cured' overstates control's the goal, but cure's possible. Nurses in oncology drill this: years of follow-ups track sneaky recurrence, key for stage III's tricky prognosis.