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On examining a patient 8 hours after having surgery to create a colostomy, what should the nurse expect to find?
- A. Hyperactive, high-pitched bowel sounds
- B. A brick-red, puffy stoma that oozes blood
- C. A purplish stoma, shiny and moist with mucus
- D. A small amount of liquid fecal drainage from the stoma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because 8 hours post colostomy surgery, a purplish stoma that is shiny and moist with mucus indicates adequate blood supply and tissue perfusion, which are signs of a healthy stoma. A is incorrect as hyperactive, high-pitched bowel sounds are not expected immediately post-surgery. B is incorrect as a brick-red, puffy stoma oozing blood could indicate poor perfusion. D is incorrect as liquid fecal drainage is not expected immediately post-surgery; it usually starts a few days later.
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Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes?
- A. Small intestine
- B. Large intestine
- C. Stomach
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Large intestine. The large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter that passes through the small intestine. It reabsorbs water and electrolytes to maintain the body's fluid balance. The small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients and vitamins, while the stomach is responsible for the initial digestion of food and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Therefore, the large intestine is the correct choice for water and electrolyte absorption in the digestive system.
Which of these is responsible for the formation of chyme?
- A. bile
- B. mucus
- C. hydrochloric acid
- D. pepsin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is responsible for creating an acidic environment in the stomach essential for the activation of pepsin and the breakdown of proteins into peptides. This acidic environment also helps in the denaturation of proteins and kills harmful bacteria present in food. Bile (choice A) aids in digestion of fats in the small intestine. Mucus (choice B) helps protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment. Pepsin (choice D) is an enzyme that breaks down proteins but is activated by hydrochloric acid.
The breakdown of glycogen in which organ/tissue is required for the maintenance of blood glucose?
- A. skeletal muscle
- B. pancreas
- C. liver
- D. adipose tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: liver. The breakdown of glycogen in the liver is crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels through a process called glycogenolysis. The liver releases glucose into the bloodstream to prevent hypoglycemia and provide energy to the body. Skeletal muscle (A) stores glycogen for its own energy needs, not for blood glucose maintenance. The pancreas (B) regulates blood glucose through insulin and glucagon secretion but does not directly breakdown glycogen. Adipose tissue (D) stores fat and does not play a significant role in glycogen breakdown for blood glucose maintenance.
You're performing an abdominal assessment on Brent who is 52 y.o. In which order do you proceed?
- A. Inspection, percussion, palpation, auscultation
- B. Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation
- C. Percussion, palpation, auscultation, observation
- D. Palpation, percussion, observation, auscultation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct order for an abdominal assessment is inspection, percussion, palpation, and auscultation (A). Inspection allows observation of any visible abnormalities. Percussion helps assess the density of underlying structures. Palpation is performed last to avoid altering bowel sounds before auscultation. Auscultation is done last to prevent altering bowel sounds while palpating. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the proper sequence for an abdominal assessment, which can lead to inaccurate findings.
What is the role of the colon in digestion?
- A. digestion of carbohydrates
- B. absorption of water and electrolytes
- C. production of bile
- D. secretion of enzymes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The colon's main role in digestion is the absorption of water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming feces. This process helps maintain body fluid balance. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Carbohydrates are primarily digested in the small intestine. C) Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aiding in fat digestion in the small intestine. D) Enzymes are secreted in the stomach and small intestine to aid in digestion, not in the colon.