Nokea
Which patient has the highest risk for poor nutritional balance related to decreased ingestion?
- A. Tuberculosis infection
- B. Draining decubitus ulcers
- C. Malabsorption syndrome
- D. Severe anorexia resulting from radiation therapy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Severe anorexia resulting from radiation therapy. This patient has the highest risk for poor nutritional balance due to the severe anorexia caused by the treatment. Radiation therapy often leads to loss of appetite, making it difficult for the patient to ingest adequate nutrients, resulting in malnutrition.
A: Tuberculosis infection does not necessarily directly cause decreased ingestion, as appetite may vary among patients.
B: Draining decubitus ulcers may lead to protein and fluid loss but not necessarily decreased ingestion.
C: Malabsorption syndrome affects the absorption of nutrients but does not directly relate to decreased ingestion.
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Which is most characteristic of carcinoma of the cecum or right colon (in contrast to carcinoma of the rectum)?
- A. anemia
- B. associated polyposis
- C. bowel obstruction
- D. diarrhea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: anemia. Carcinoma of the cecum or right colon often presents with chronic blood loss, leading to iron deficiency anemia. This is due to the longer transit time in the right colon allowing for more time for blood to be lost and for the iron in the blood to be absorbed. Choices B, C, and D are less characteristic of carcinoma of the cecum or right colon. Polyposis is more commonly associated with familial adenomatous polyposis, bowel obstruction is more common in advanced stages regardless of location, and diarrhea is more commonly seen in rectal carcinomas due to irritation of the rectal mucosa.
Which of the following is likely to fail to reduce secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach:
- A. A H receptor blocker
- B. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker
- C. A muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker
- D. An inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because an inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump directly targets the mechanism responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. By inhibiting this pump, the production of acid is reduced.
A H receptor blocker (choice A) and a muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice C) work by blocking specific receptors involved in stimulating acid secretion. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice B) blocks a different type of receptor that is not directly involved in regulating acid secretion.
In summary, the inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump (choice D) is the most direct and effective way to reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach compared to the other choices.
The ileocecal valve prevents chyme from entering the _____.
- A. large intestine
- B. small intestine
- C. stomach
- D. duodenum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: large intestine. The ileocecal valve is located between the ileum (part of the small intestine) and the cecum (part of the large intestine). Its primary function is to prevent the backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine, specifically preventing chyme from entering the large intestine prematurely. This allows for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine before the remaining waste material enters the large intestine for further processing. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the ileocecal valve specifically regulates the flow of material between the small and large intestines, not other parts of the digestive system such as the stomach or duodenum.
If the submandibular salivary gland stops functioning:
- A. The volume of salivary secretion will be reduced by 20%
- B. There would be severe deficiency of
- C. amylase
- D. There would be no mucins in saliva
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the submandibular salivary gland is responsible for producing around 70-75% of total saliva, including amylase. If it stops functioning, there would be a severe deficiency of amylase, leading to impaired digestion of starches. Choice A is incorrect because the reduction in salivary secretion would be more significant than 20%. Choice D is incorrect as mucins are produced by other salivary glands and not solely by the submandibular gland.
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes?
- A. Small intestine
- B. Large intestine
- C. Stomach
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Large intestine. The large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter that passes through the small intestine. It reabsorbs water and electrolytes to maintain the body's fluid balance. The small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients and vitamins, while the stomach is responsible for the initial digestion of food and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Therefore, the large intestine is the correct choice for water and electrolyte absorption in the digestive system.