Nokea
The breakdown of glycogen in which organ/tissue is required for the maintenance of blood glucose?
- A. skeletal muscle
- B. pancreas
- C. liver
- D. adipose tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: liver. The breakdown of glycogen in the liver is crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels through a process called glycogenolysis. The liver releases glucose into the bloodstream to prevent hypoglycemia and provide energy to the body. Skeletal muscle (A) stores glycogen for its own energy needs, not for blood glucose maintenance. The pancreas (B) regulates blood glucose through insulin and glucagon secretion but does not directly breakdown glycogen. Adipose tissue (D) stores fat and does not play a significant role in glycogen breakdown for blood glucose maintenance.
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Which of the following structures forms a cavity or pocket between the layers of mesenteries?
- A. visceral pleura
- B. parietal pleura
- C. omental bursa
- D. retroperitoneum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: omental bursa. The omental bursa is a potential space located behind the stomach and in front of the pancreas, forming a cavity or pocket between the layers of mesenteries. This structure allows for movement and accommodation of the stomach during digestion.
A: Visceral pleura and B: Parietal pleura are layers of the pleural membrane in the thoracic cavity, not related to mesenteries or cavity formation. D: Retroperitoneum refers to the space behind the peritoneum, not specifically forming a cavity or pocket between mesenteries.
One of your family members has developed peptic ulcers and is consulting you for advice. You can tell your family member that there may be a chance of permanently curing this ulcer by
- A. giving up smoking and alcohol.
- B. taking meditation classes to reduce stress.
- C. taking antibiotics that destroy Helicobacter pylori.
- D. taking Tagment or Zantac.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: taking antibiotics that destroy Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of peptic ulcers, and eradicating it with antibiotics can lead to a permanent cure. Smoking and alcohol cessation (choice A) can help improve symptoms but won't address the root cause. Meditation (choice B) can help manage stress but won't cure the ulcer. Tagament or Zantac (choice D) are medications that can help reduce stomach acid but won't treat the underlying bacterial infection causing the ulcer. Thus, choice C is the most effective in permanently curing the ulcer.
Which of these statements about the pharynx is true?
- A. It extends from the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the esophagus anteriorly.
- B. The oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx.
- C. The nasopharynx is involved in digestion.
- D. The laryngopharynx is composed partially of cartilag
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the oropharynx is indeed continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx, forming a passage for both air and food. This continuity allows for the passage of food and air between the oral and nasal cavities.
A is incorrect because the pharynx extends from the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the esophagus posteriorly, not anteriorly.
C is incorrect because the nasopharynx is not involved in digestion; it primarily functions in respiration and contains the openings of the Eustachian tubes.
D is incorrect because the laryngopharynx is not composed partially of cartilage; it is a muscular passage that connects the oropharynx and the esophagus.
The buildup of bile pigment in tissues that can be caused by gallstones is _____.
- A. hyperbilirubinemia
- B. obstructive jaundice
- C. hepatitis
- D. hepatocellular jaundice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: obstructive jaundice. Gallstones can obstruct the bile duct, leading to the buildup of bile pigment in tissues, causing jaundice. This results in the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes. Hyperbilirubinemia (A) refers to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood, which can occur in various liver conditions. Hepatitis (C) is inflammation of the liver, which can also lead to jaundice but is not directly caused by gallstones. Hepatocellular jaundice (D) is due to liver cell damage, not bile duct obstruction.
What is a postoperative nursing intervention for the obese patient who has undergone bariatric surgery?
- A. Irrigating and repositioning the nasogastric (NG) tube as needed
- B. Delaying ambulation until the patient has enough strength to support self
- C. Keeping the patient positioned on the side to facilitate respiratory function
- D. Providing adequate support to the incision during coughing, deep breathing, and turning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because providing adequate support to the incision during coughing, deep breathing, and turning is essential postoperatively to prevent complications such as wound dehiscence or infection in obese patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Supporting the incision helps reduce stress on the surgical site and promotes proper healing.
Choice A is incorrect because irrigating and repositioning the nasogastric tube is not a specific nursing intervention related to the care of the incision after bariatric surgery.
Choice B is incorrect because delaying ambulation can increase the risk of complications such as deep vein thrombosis and pneumonia in postoperative obese patients.
Choice C is incorrect because keeping the patient positioned on the side to facilitate respiratory function is important, but it is not directly related to supporting the incision during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure.