Nokea
Parasympathetic stomach impulses cause all of the following except which one?
- A. secretion of somatostatin
- B. inhibition of somatostatin
- C. secretion of gastrin
- D. promotes histamine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because parasympathetic impulses do not lead to the secretion of somatostatin. Somatostatin is released in response to low pH in the stomach to inhibit further acid secretion. Parasympathetic impulses stimulate the secretion of gastrin, promote histamine release, and inhibit somatostatin secretion. This is important for enhancing gastric acid secretion and promoting digestion. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are effects of parasympathetic stomach impulses.
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Saliva decreases gingivitis and caries because it contains immunoglobulin A and
- A. lysozymes.
- B. mucus.
- C. salivary amylase.
- D. water.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lysozymes. Lysozymes in saliva help to break down bacterial cell walls, reducing the risk of gingivitis and caries. Immunoglobulin A helps to fight off harmful bacteria. Salivary amylase aids in digestion, not in preventing gingivitis or caries. Mucus and water in saliva do not directly contribute to the reduction of gingivitis or caries.
One of your family members has developed peptic ulcers and is consulting you for advice. You can tell your family member that there may be a chance of permanently curing this ulcer by
- A. giving up smoking and alcohol.
- B. taking meditation classes to reduce stress.
- C. taking antibiotics that destroy Helicobacter pylori.
- D. taking Tagment or Zantac.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: taking antibiotics that destroy Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of peptic ulcers, and eradicating it with antibiotics can lead to a permanent cure. Smoking and alcohol cessation (choice A) can help improve symptoms but won't address the root cause. Meditation (choice B) can help manage stress but won't cure the ulcer. Tagament or Zantac (choice D) are medications that can help reduce stomach acid but won't treat the underlying bacterial infection causing the ulcer. Thus, choice C is the most effective in permanently curing the ulcer.
Which one of the following is the correct pathway of bile from the hepatocytes to the gallbladder?
- A. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → gallbladder.
- B. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → cystic duct → common hepatic duct → gallbladder.
- C. hepatic sinusoid → central vein → hepatic vein → gall bladder.
- D. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder. This pathway reflects the anatomical sequence of bile flow from the smallest bile ducts within the liver (bile canaliculi) to the gallbladder. Bile canaliculi collect bile from hepatocytes, which then flows through larger ducts (hepatic duct, common hepatic duct) before reaching the cystic duct, which connects to the gallbladder for bile storage.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not follow the correct anatomical pathway of bile flow. For example, in choice A, the common hepatic duct should connect directly to the cystic duct, not the common bile duct. In choice B, the cystic duct should not connect to the common hepatic duct. In choice C, bile does not flow through the central vein or hepatic vein
Which of the following is likely to fail to reduce secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach:
- A. A H receptor blocker
- B. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker
- C. A muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker
- D. An inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because an inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump directly targets the mechanism responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. By inhibiting this pump, the production of acid is reduced.
A H receptor blocker (choice A) and a muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice C) work by blocking specific receptors involved in stimulating acid secretion. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice B) blocks a different type of receptor that is not directly involved in regulating acid secretion.
In summary, the inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump (choice D) is the most direct and effective way to reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach compared to the other choices.
Priority Decision: A patient returns to the surgical unit with a nasogastric (NG) tube to low intermittent suction, IV fluids, and a Jackson-Pratt drain at the surgical site following an exploratory laparotomy and repair of a bowel perforation. Four hours after admission, the patient experiences nausea and vomiting. What is a priority nursing intervention for the patient?
- A. Assess the abdomen for distention and bowel sounds.
- B. Inspect the surgical site and drainage in the Jackson-Pratt.
- C. Check the amount and character of gastric drainage and the patency of the NG tube.
- D. Administer prescribed prochlorperazine (Compazine) to control the nausea and vomiting.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Check the amount and character of gastric drainage and the patency of the NG tube. This is the priority nursing intervention because the patient is experiencing nausea and vomiting, which could indicate potential complications related to the NG tube, such as blockage or displacement. By checking the gastric drainage and NG tube patency, the nurse can assess if the patient's symptoms are related to these issues and take appropriate actions to address them.
Choice A is incorrect because assessing the abdomen for distention and bowel sounds is important but not the priority in this situation where the patient is experiencing nausea and vomiting. Choice B is incorrect as inspecting the surgical site and drainage in the Jackson-Pratt drain is also important but not as urgent as checking the NG tube patency in this case. Choice D is incorrect as administering medication should not be the first action taken without first assessing the underlying cause of the symptoms.