Nokea
Which of the following hydrolytic enzymes act in low pH?
- A. Peroxidases
- B. Hydrolases
- C. Amylases
- D. Proteases
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proteases. Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins, and they are known to function optimally in low pH environments, such as the acidic environment of the stomach. This is because the acidic pH helps in the activation and stability of proteases, allowing them to efficiently break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.
Rationale for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Peroxidases catalyze oxidation reactions and are not specifically known to act in low pH environments.
B: Hydrolases are a broad category of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various molecules but are not specifically tailored for low pH conditions.
C: Amylases are enzymes that break down carbohydrates and typically work best in neutral to slightly alkaline pH conditions, not in low pH environments like proteases.
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When the stomach is empty, it folds up into wrinkles called:
- A. shincters
- B. bolus
- C. rugae
- D. chyme
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: rugae. When the stomach is empty, it folds up into wrinkles called rugae. These folds allow the stomach to expand when food is consumed and contract when it is empty. Shincters (A) are muscular valves that control the flow of food in and out of the stomach, not the folds of the stomach itself. Bolus (B) refers to a small rounded mass of a substance, typically food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed, not the wrinkles of the stomach. Chyme (D) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach into the small intestine, not the folds of the stomach.
A patient is transferred from the recovery room to a surgical unit after a transverse colostomy. The nurse observes the stoma to be deep pink with edema and a small amount of sanguineous drainage. What action should the nurse take?
- A. Place ice packs around the stoma.
- B. Notify the surgeon about the stoma.
- C. Monitor the stoma every 30 minutes.
- D. Document stoma assessment findings.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Document stoma assessment findings. The rationale for this choice is that documentation is crucial in providing a clear and accurate record of the stoma's condition for ongoing monitoring and evaluation. By documenting the stoma assessment findings, the nurse can track any changes in color, edema, or drainage over time, which helps in identifying any potential issues or improvements.
Choice A is incorrect because placing ice packs around the stoma can cause vasoconstriction and worsen the edema. Choice B is unnecessary at this point as the nurse can first assess and document the stoma before escalating to the surgeon if needed. Choice C is not the best action as monitoring every 30 minutes may be excessive and not practical, especially if the patient is stable.
You're performing an abdominal assessment on Brent who is 52 y.o. In which order do you proceed?
- A. Inspection, percussion, palpation, auscultation
- B. Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation
- C. Percussion, palpation, auscultation, observation
- D. Palpation, percussion, observation, auscultation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct order for an abdominal assessment is inspection, percussion, palpation, and auscultation (A). Inspection allows observation of any visible abnormalities. Percussion helps assess the density of underlying structures. Palpation is performed last to avoid altering bowel sounds before auscultation. Auscultation is done last to prevent altering bowel sounds while palpating. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the proper sequence for an abdominal assessment, which can lead to inaccurate findings.
What is the role of the colon in digestion?
- A. digestion of carbohydrates
- B. absorption of water and electrolytes
- C. production of bile
- D. secretion of enzymes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The colon's main role in digestion is the absorption of water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming feces. This process helps maintain body fluid balance. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Carbohydrates are primarily digested in the small intestine. C) Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aiding in fat digestion in the small intestine. D) Enzymes are secreted in the stomach and small intestine to aid in digestion, not in the colon.
Which of the following is likely to fail to reduce secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach:
- A. A H receptor blocker
- B. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker
- C. A muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker
- D. An inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because an inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump directly targets the mechanism responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. By inhibiting this pump, the production of acid is reduced.
A H receptor blocker (choice A) and a muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice C) work by blocking specific receptors involved in stimulating acid secretion. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice B) blocks a different type of receptor that is not directly involved in regulating acid secretion.
In summary, the inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump (choice D) is the most direct and effective way to reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach compared to the other choices.