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One way of dealing with memory impairments is to train patients in ways to help store and retrieve items and events to be remembered. One such technique is the use of:
- A. Visual imagery mnemonics.
- B. Visual imagery catalogues.
- C. Visual imagery tagging.
- D. Visual compensation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Visual imagery mnemonics is a memory enhancement technique that involves creating vivid mental images to aid in the storage and retrieval of information. By associating new information with familiar visual cues, individuals can improve their ability to remember details and events. This technique is particularly useful for individuals with memory impairments, as it leverages the brain's natural ability to process and recall visual information more effectively than abstract concepts.
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The nurse is caring for a patient who has had a stroke (brain attack). The patient is unable to understand what the nurse is saying and appears frustrated. What term should the nurse use to document this finding?
- A. Dysphagia
- B. Confusion
- C. Receptive aphasia
- D. Expressive aphasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Receptive aphasia is the inability to understand spoken or written language, often resulting from damage to Wernicke's area in the brain. Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing, confusion is disorientation, and expressive aphasia is difficulty communicating verbally. Accurate documentation is essential for planning patient care.
The dermatome supplying the great toe is usually
- A. L3
- B. L4
- C. L5
- D. S1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The L5 dermatome supplies the great toe and the dorsum of the foot. This is important in diagnosing lumbar nerve root compression.
Executive Functions: involve problem-solving, planning, initiative, organising, and they monitor and inhibit complex behaviours. These functions are normally associated with which area of the brain?
- A. The neocortex.
- B. The corpus callosum.
- C. The cerebellum.
- D. The prefontal cortex.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, is primarily responsible for executive functions such as problem-solving, planning, decision-making, and self-regulation. This brain region plays a critical role in coordinating complex cognitive processes and inhibiting inappropriate behaviors. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in significant impairments in executive functioning, leading to difficulties in managing daily tasks and adapting to new situations.
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation would most likely cause an animal to:
- A. sneeze
- B. become blind
- C. wake up if it had been sleeping
- D. stop breathing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that plays a key role in regulating arousal and consciousness. Electrical stimulation of this area can activate the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which promotes wakefulness and alertness. This is why stimulating the reticular formation would most likely cause a sleeping animal to wake up. The reticular formation also helps filter sensory information and maintain attention.
The lateral spinothalamic tract:
- A. carries fibres which terminate in the thalamus
- B. contains mainly the second-order neurones.
- C. carries fibres that carry information on temperature and pain
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The lateral spinothalamic tract carries second-order neurons transmitting pain and temperature information to the thalamus. It is a critical pathway for sensory perception and is involved in relaying these sensations to higher brain centers.