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Over the past several decades, nursing roles have changed and expanded in many ways. Which of the following factors has provided the strongest impetus for this change?
- A. The need to decrease the cost of health care
- B. The need to improve the quality of nursing education
- C. The need to increase the number of nursing jobs available
- D. The need to increase the public perception of nursing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The role of the nurse has expanded to improve the distribution of health care services and to decrease the cost of health care. The other answers are incorrect because the expansion of roles in nursing did not occur to improve education, increase the number of nursing jobs, or increase public perception.
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A team of community health nurses are planning to draft a proposal for a program that will increase the communitys alignment with the principles contained in the Healthy People 2020 report. Which of the following activities would best demonstrate the priorities identified in this report?
- A. Addressing determinants of health such as clean environments and safety in the community
- B. Lobbying for increased funding to the county hospital where many residents receive primary care
- C. Collaborating with health professionals in neighboring communities to pool resources and increase efficiencies
- D. Creating clinical placements where nursing students and members of other health disciplines can gain experience in a community setting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Healthy People 2020 addresses social determinants of health such as safety and the state of the environment. This report does not specifically address matters such as hospital funding, nursing education, or resource allocation.
Professional nursing expands and grows because of factors driven by the changing needs of health care consumers. Which of the following is a factor that nurses should reflect in the planning and provision of health care?
- A. Decreased access to health care information by individuals
- B. Gradual increases in the cultural unity of the American population
- C. Increasing mean and median age of the American population
- D. Decreasing consumer expectations related to health care outcomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The decline in birth rate and the increase in lifespan due to improved health care have resulted in fewer school-age children and more senior citizens, many of whom are women. The population has become more culturally diverse as increasing numbers of people from different national backgrounds enter the country. Access to information and consumer expectations continue to increase.
A group of nursing students are learning about recent changes in the pattern of disease in the United States. Which of the following statements best describes these current changes?
- A. Infectious diseases continue to decrease in incidence and prevalence.
- B. Chronic illnesses are becoming increasingly resistant to treatment.
- C. Most acute, infectious diseases have been eradicated.
- D. Most, but not all, communicable diseases are declining.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Although some infectious diseases have been controlled or eradicated, others are on the rise. Antibiotic resistance is a more serious problem in acute, not chronic, illnesses.
A case manager has been hired at a rural hospital that has a combined medical-surgical unit. When defining this new role, which of the following outcomes should be prioritized by the hospitals leadership?
- A. Decreased need for physician services
- B. Improved patient and family education
- C. Increased adherence to the principles of EBP
- D. Increased coordination of health services
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Case management is a system of coordinating health care services to ensure cost-effectiveness, accountability, and quality care. The case manager coordinates the care of a caseload of patients through facilitating communication between nurses, other health care personnel who provide care, and insurance companies. Reducing the need for physician services is not a central goal. Education and EBP are consistent with case management, but they are not central to this particular role.
A nurse is speaking to a group of prospective nursing students about what it is like to be a nurse. What is one characteristic the nurse would cite as necessary to possess to be an effective nurse?
- A. Sensitivity to cultural differences
- B. Team-focused approach to problem-solving
- C. Strict adherence to routine
- D. Ability to face criticism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: To promote an effective nurse-patient relationship and positive outcomes of care, nursing care must be culturally competent, appropriate, and sensitive to cultural differences. Team-focused nursing and strict adherence to routine are not characteristics needed to be an effective nurse. The ability to handle criticism is important, but to a lesser degree than cultural competence.