Nokea
Patients with bladder cancer typically exhibit symptoms of:
- A. Weight loss and low back pain.
- B. Fatigue and anemia.
- C. Hematuria and change in urinary pattern.
- D. Difficulty initiating urinary stream and nocturia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because hematuria (blood in urine) and change in urinary pattern are classic symptoms of bladder cancer. Hematuria is the most common presenting symptom. Weight loss and low back pain (choice A) are more indicative of advanced stages of cancer. Fatigue and anemia (choice B) are nonspecific symptoms. Difficulty initiating urinary stream and nocturia (choice D) may be seen in other conditions but are not specific to bladder cancer.
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Which of the following antibiotics is considered safe to use in newborn * babies?
- A. Chloramphenicol
- B. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
- C. Teracyclines
- D. Ampicillin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ampicillin. Ampicillin is considered safe for use in newborn babies because it is a commonly used antibiotic in neonates and has a favorable safety profile. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria commonly found in newborns. Chloramphenicol (A) can cause serious side effects like gray baby syndrome. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (B) is not recommended in newborns due to potential risks. Tetracyclines (C) can lead to tooth discoloration and bone growth inhibition in newborns.
Which of the following antiviral drug most commonly used drug for prevention and treatment of CMV infections in the immunocompromised patients?
- A. Ganciclovir
- B. Indinavir
- C. Amantadine
- D. Foscarnet
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Ganciclovir is the preferred antiviral for CMV infections due to its effectiveness against CMV.
2. It works by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, stopping viral replication.
3. Indinavir is a protease inhibitor used for HIV, not CMV.
4. Amantadine is used for influenza A virus, not CMV.
5. Foscarnet is an alternative for CMV if ganciclovir is not tolerated.
Which statement by a new nurse teaching a patient with cystitis requires intervention?
- A. You should always drink 1 to 3 liters of fluid every day.
- B. Empty your bladder regularly even if you do not feel the urge to urinate.
- C. Drinking cranberry juice daily may decrease bacteria in your bladder.
- D. It's OK to soak in the tub with bubble bath as it will keep you clean.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because soaking in a tub with bubble bath can exacerbate cystitis symptoms due to potential irritation from the bubble bath chemicals. This can worsen the patient's condition. A, B, and C are correct statements. A promotes proper hydration, B encourages regular emptying of the bladder to prevent bacterial growth, and C suggests a potential remedy for cystitis by consuming cranberry juice.
Thirty percent of patients with kidney cancer have metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Why does this occur?
- A. The only treatment modalities for the disease are palliative.
- B. Diagnostic tests are not available to detect tumors before they metastasize.
- C. Classic symptoms of hematuria and palpable mass do not occur until the disease is advanced.
- D. Early metastasis to the brain impairs the patient’s ability to recognize the seriousness of symptoms.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because early metastasis to the brain can impair the patient's ability to recognize the seriousness of symptoms. This can delay diagnosis and treatment, leading to a higher percentage of patients having metastasis at the time of diagnosis.
A is incorrect because there are treatment modalities for kidney cancer beyond palliative care. B is incorrect as diagnostic tests like imaging studies can detect tumors before they metastasize. C is incorrect because while classic symptoms may not always be present, other symptoms and diagnostic tests can still lead to an earlier diagnosis.
What manifestation in the patient will indicate the need for restriction of dietary protein in management of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)?
- A. Hematuria
- B. Proteinuria
- C. Hypertension
- D. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proteinuria. In APSGN, glomerular inflammation leads to impaired filtration, causing loss of protein in urine. Restricting dietary protein helps reduce proteinuria and slows kidney damage. Hematuria (A) is common but not a direct indication for dietary protein restriction. Hypertension (C) may require dietary sodium restriction. Elevated BUN (D) indicates impaired kidney function, but not a direct indication for protein restriction. In summary, in APSGN, proteinuria is the key manifestation necessitating dietary protein restriction to manage kidney damage.