Nokea
Patients with GI bleeding may experience an acute or chronic blood loss. The patient is experiencing hematochezi The physician recognizes this as:
- A. Vomiting of bright red or maroon blood.
- B. Black, tarry stool.
- C. Coffee ground emesis.
- D. Red- or maroon-colored stool rectally.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hematochezia refers to the passage of fresh, red or maroon-colored blood from the rectum, often indicating lower GI bleeding.
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The aqueous component of pancreatic juice is produced by the
- A. intercalated duct.
- B. pancreatic islets.
- C. acinar cells.
- D. duodenum.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: intercalated duct. The aqueous component of pancreatic juice is produced by intercalated ducts, which are responsible for secreting bicarbonate-rich fluid to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum. Other choices are incorrect because pancreatic islets (B) secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon, acinar cells (C) secrete digestive enzymes, and the duodenum (D) is the first part of the small intestine where pancreatic juice is delivered but not where it is produced.
Your physician measures your blood pressure as 120/110. What SHOULD be your response?
- A. you're not concerned because the higher of the two numbers is normal
- B. you're concerned because the diastolic number indicates your heart will have to work harder
- C. you're not concerned because these numbers mean nothing in terms of heart function
- D. you're concerned because the systolic number is too low and your cardiac output will decrease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: you're concerned because the diastolic number indicates your heart will have to work harder. This is because the diastolic number (110) represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats, which should ideally be below 80. A high diastolic pressure indicates increased resistance in the arteries, making the heart work harder to pump blood. The systolic number (120) being within the normal range is not as concerning as the elevated diastolic pressure.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect because the diastolic number being high is a cause for concern.
- Choice C is incorrect as blood pressure numbers are crucial indicators of heart function.
- Choice D is incorrect as the systolic number being low is not the primary concern in this case.
Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure?
- A. mouth
- B. salivary glands
- C. pancreas
- D. liver
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. The mouth is not considered an accessory digestive structure because it is part of the main digestive system. The mouth is where the process of digestion begins with the mechanical breakdown of food through chewing and the chemical breakdown through the action of saliva produced by salivary glands. The salivary glands, pancreas, and liver are all accessory digestive structures because they aid in the digestion process but are not part of the alimentary canal. Salivary glands produce enzymes to further break down food, the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine, and the liver produces bile to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. These organs work alongside the main digestive system to help with the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
Which of these nutrients is absorbed mainly in the duodenum?
- A. glucose
- B. iron
- C. sodium
- D. water
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: iron. Iron is mainly absorbed in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Here's the rationale:
1. Duodenum is where iron absorption begins.
2. Iron is absorbed through the duodenal mucosal cells.
3. The acidic environment in the duodenum enhances iron absorption.
4. Other nutrients like glucose are mainly absorbed in the small intestine but not specifically in the duodenum.
5. Sodium and water are primarily absorbed in the small intestine, with water being absorbed throughout the digestive tract.
Which two regions of a tooth contain living cells?
- A. dentin and enamel
- B. anatomical crown and cementum
- C. enamel and cementum
- D. dentin and cementum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Dentin and cementum are the two regions of a tooth that contain living cells. Dentin is the hard tissue beneath the enamel and cementum that forms the bulk of the tooth structure. It contains living cells called odontoblasts responsible for dentin formation. Cementum is the hard tissue covering the tooth root and is essential for anchoring the tooth in the jawbone. Cementum contains living cells called cementoblasts responsible for cementum formation. Therefore, both dentin and cementum are vital regions of a tooth that house living cells involved in tooth development and maintenance.
A: Dentin and enamel - Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth and does not contain living cells.
B: Anatomical crown and cementum - Anatomical crown is not a region of the tooth containing living cells.
C: Enamel and cementum - Enamel does not contain living cells, only mineralized structures.